Wednesday, August 31, 2016

Weekly Book List, September 2, 2016


Weekly Book List, September 2, 2016

August 28, 2016


ANTHROPOLOGY

Mourning Animals: Rituals and Practices Surrounding Animal Death edited by Margo DeMello (Michigan State University Press; 272 pages; $44.95). Topics include burials, taxidermy, grieving, and other practices for animals we mourn, as well attitudes toward "road kill" and other animal deaths not generally commemorated.

Sanctuary and Asylum: A Social and Political History by Linda Rabben (University of Washington Press; 433 pages; $90 hardcover, $30 paperback). Combines anthropological and historical perspectives in a study of ideas of sanctuary from ancient times to the modern legal concept of asylum; pays particular attention to the refugee crisis in Europe today, and Central Americans seeking asylum in the United States.

ARCHAEOLOGY

Southeast Inka Frontiers: Boundaries and Interactions by Sonia Alconini (University Press of Florida; 228 pages; $79.95). Discusses a region of Bolivia that was once a frontier territory of the Inca empire, very distant from the capital, Cuzco.

ART AND ARCHITECTURE

Welcome to Painterland: Bruce Conner and the Rat Bastard Protective Association by Anastasia Aukeman (University of California Press; 352 pages; $49.95). A study of a community of artists, centered around Bruce Conner, which in the 1950s and 60s lived and worked together in a building in the Fillmore area of San Francisco.

BIOLOGY

Not So Different: Finding Human Nature in Animals by Nathan H. Lents (Columbia University Press; 349 pages; $35). Documents affinities in human and non-human animal behavior as shaped by the evolutionary forces of cooperation and competition; topics include sex, morality, play, envy, jealousy, and greed.

CLASSICAL STUDIES

Ovid's Women of the Year: Narratives of Roman Identity in the "Fasti" by Angeline Chiu (University of Michigan Press; 240 pages; $70). Examines the varied figures of women, old and young, goddess and mortal, in Ovid's six-book poem on the Roman calendar.

COMMUNICATION

Civic Media: Technology, Design, Practice edited by Eric Gordon and Paul Mihailidis (MIT Press; 648 pages; $53). Offers theoretical and applied perspectives on using digital media for activism, policy coordination, such as disaster relief, and similar endeavors; case studies include the success of the "It Gets Better" anti-suicide campaign for LGBTQ youth, and the hijacking of the New York City Police Department's #MyNYPD Twitter campaign.

DANCE

Flowers Cracking Concrete: Eiko & Koma's Asian/American Choreographies by Rosemary Candelario (Wesleyan University Press, distributed by University Press of New England; 272 pages; $80 hardcover, $26.95 paperback). A study of Eiko Otake and Taskashi Koma Otake, two Japanese dancers and choreographers who have lived and worked in New York City since the mid-1970s.

ECONOMICS

Complexity and Evolution: Toward a New Synthesis for Economics edited by David S. Wilson and Alan Kirman (MIT Press; 395 pages; $50). Writings on the integration of concepts from complexity theory and evolutionary theory to enhance the understanding of economics and public policy.

The Curse of Cash by Kenneth S. Rogoff (Princeton University Press; 296 pages; $29.95). Argues for phasing out most paper money in light of how cash figures, among other things, in crime, terrorism, tax evasion, and monetary instability

The Guidance of an Enterprise Economy by Martin Shubik and Eric Smith (MIT Press; 592 pages; $65). Draws on game theory, evolutionary theory, and and methods of physics and experimental gaming in a study of the control, guidance, and coordination problems of an enterprise economy.

EDUCATION

A Curriculum of Fear: Homeland Security in U.S. Public Schools by Nicole Nguyen (University of Minnesota Press; 291 pages; $91 hardcover, $26 paperback). An ethnographic study of a public high school in the greater Washington DC area that has established a specialized Homeland Security program, including security-themed classes and internships with defense contractors and such agencies as the N.S.A.

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Lake Mead National Recreation Area: A History of America's First National Playground by Jonathan Foster (University of Nevada Press; 176 pages; $21.95). Examines Park Service management of reservoir-based recreation in what became the first U.S. National Recreation Area.

FILM STUDIES

Militant Visions: Black Soldiers, Internationalism, and the Transformation of American Cinema by Elizabeth Reich (Rutgers University Press; 272 pages; $90 hardcover, $27.95 paperback). Discusses the figure of the proud and powerful black soldier in cinema across a range of genres from the 1940s to the 1970s.

FOLKLORE

Chol (Mayan) Folktales: A Collection of Stories From the Modern Maya of Southern Mexico by Nicholas A. Hopkins and J. Kathryn Josserand (University Press of Colorado; 199 pages; $27.95). Transcription of 11 stories with commentary and facing Chol (Mayan) and English text.

Inuit Poems and Songs: Folk Poetry of East Greenland collected by William Thalbitzer, translated by Torben Hutchings (International Polar Institute, distributed by University Press of New England; 128 pages; $19.95). Songs and poems collected by Thalbitzer, a Danish philologist and scholar of the Inuit (1873-1958).

Packy Jim: Folklore and Worldview on the Irish Border by Ray Cashman (University of Wisconsin Press; 312 pages; $69.95). Draws on interviews with Packy Jim McGrath, a Donegal storyteller who grew up on a smuggling route on the border of the Republic and Northern Ireland.

HISTORY

Beer of Broadway Fame: The Piel Family and Their Brooklyn Brewery by Alfred W. McCoy (State University of New York Press; 448 pages; $29.95). Traces the history of a brewery founded by a German-American family in 1884.

Braxton Bragg: The Most Hated Man of the Confederacy by Earl J. Hess (University of North Carolina Press; 341 pages; $35). A biography of the Confederate general (1817-76) that casts him as flawed, but also as the subject of "unwarranted infamy."

Convict Cowboys: The Untold History of the Texas Prison Rodeo by Mitchel P. Roth (University of North Texas Press; 436 pages; $32.95). Combines historical and criminological perspectives in a study of inmate cowboy competitors and the Huntsville-based prison rodeo, which happened annually from 1931 to 1986.

Decolonizing the Republic: African and Caribbean Migrants in Postwar Paris, 1946--1974 by Felix F. Germain (Michigan State University Press; 256 pages; $39.95). Discusses black working-class migrants in Paris as agents of social change and decolonization during the period.

Distinguishing the Righteous from the Roguish: The Arkansas Supreme Court, 1836--1874 by J.W. Looney (University of Arkansas Press; 285 pages; $59.95). A study of the court's rulings that shows how preservation of the status quo hindered economic development in the state.

Executing the Rosenbergs: Death and Diplomacy in a Cold War World by Lori Clune (Oxford University Press; 288 pages; $29.95). Uses previously untapped State Department documents to examine how the case affected global perceptions of the United States; topics include protests in 80 cities and 48 countries.

Imagining Asia in the Americas edited by Zelideth Maria Rivas and Debbie Le-DiStefano (Rutgers University Press; 203 pages; $90 hardcover, $27.95 paperback). Writings by anthropologists, historians, literary scholars, and others on Asian identities across the Americas; topics include Chinese influence and heritage in Afro-Cuban religiosity.

The Information Nexus: Global Capitalism from the Renaissance to the Present by Steven G. Marks (Cambridge University Press; 292 pages; $74.99 hardcover, $27.99 paperback). Argues that what makes capitalism distinct from other systems is the drive by business to collect and analyze information.

Middle Kingdom and Empire of the Rising Sun: Sino-Japanese Relations, Past and Present by June Teufel Dreyer (Oxford University Press; 454 pages; $34.95). Sets the contemporary rivalry between Japan and China in the context of relations back to the ninth century.

The Origins of the Grand Alliance: Anglo-American Military Collaboration from the Panay Incident to Pearl Harbor by William T. Johnsen (University Press of Kentucky; 406 pages; $50). A study of military collaboration between Britain and the United States that began after an incident in December 1937 when Japan sunk the U.S. gunboat Panay anchored in the Yangtze River outside Nanjing, China.

Our Sister Republics: The United States in an Age of American Revolutions by Caitlin Fitz (Liveright; 354 pages; $29.95). Traces changes in U.S. views of anti-colonial revolutions in 19th-century South America.

The Politics of Mourning: Death and Honor at Arlington National Cemetery by Micki McElya (Harvard University Press; 395 pages; $29.95). Explores issues of representation and inclusion in a history of the cemetery since its Civil War founding.

The Risen Phoenix: Black Politics in the Post-Civil War South by Luis-Alejandro Dinnella-Borrego (University of Virginia Press; 288 pages; $49.50). Discusses six black Congressmen of the Reconstruction era: John Mercer Langston of Virginia, James Thomas Rapier of Alabama, Robert Smalls of South Carolina, John Roy Lynch of Mississippi, Josiah Thomas Walls of Florida, and George Henry White of North Carolina.

Running the Rails: Capital and Labor in the Philadelphia Transit Industry by James Wolfinger (Cornell University Press; 304 pages; $45). Focuses on the city's public transit workers in a study of shifts in labor relations from the 1880s to the 1960s.

Somme: Into the Breach by Hugh Sebag-Montefiore (Harvard University Press; 607 pages; $35). Draws on diaries, letters, and memoirs in a study that focuses on the firsthand experiences of soldiers on both sides of the extended World War I battle, which cost more than a million dead or wounded.

This Mortal Coil: The Human Body in History and Culture by Fay Bound Alberti (Oxford University Press; 289 pages; $29.95). Discusses the skin, the spine, the tongue, the genitals, and other parts in a study of cultural perceptions of the body.

Written in Blood: The Battles for Fortress Przemysl in WWI by Graydon A. Tunstall (Indiana University Press; 386 pages; $45). Discusses a fortress in what is now southeastern Poland that changed hands three times in the fall of 1914.

LABOR STUDIES

Achieving Workers' Rights in the Global Economy edited by Richard P. Appelbaum and Nelson Lichtenstein (Cornell University Press; 330 pages; $89.95 hardcover, $26.95 paperback). Essays focusing on workers' struggles under globalization, particular those in the export industries of the "global South"; topics include corporate social responsibility and trade-union elections at foreign-owned Chinese factories.

Too Few Women at the Top: The Persistence of Inequality in Japan by Kumiko Nemoto (ILR Press/Cornell University Press; 296 pages; $49.95). Uses interviews with workers at three financial firms and two cosmetics companies to document the persistence of vertical sex segregation as a cost-saving measure.

LAW

The Age of Deference: The Supreme Court, National Security, and the Constitutional Order by David Rudenstine (Oxford University Press; 326 pages; $29.95). Documents how judicial deference to executive power on national security issues dates back to Truman administration, long before 9/11 and the "war on terror."

Making Modern Florida: How the Spirit of Reform Shaped a New State Constitution by Mary E. Adkins (University Press of Florida; 240 pages; $29.95). Documents the successful effort to modernize Florida's 1885 constitution in 1966-68 in the face of opposition from rural state legislators known as the "Pork Chop Gang."

LINGUISTICS

Dictating to the Mob: The History of the BBC Advisory Committee on Spoken English by Jurg R. Schwyter (Oxford University Press; 256 pages; $40). Discusses the first 13 years of a committee that was set up in 1926 to provide guidance to BBC radio announcers on pronunciation and other matters of language; offers a linguistic perspective on the committee's work, particularly after it took on the unmandated role of standardizing spoken English.

Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee by Hiroto Uchihara (Oxford University Press; 302 pages; $105). Examines six possible pitch patterns that can occur on a syllable in the language.

LITERATURE

The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through The 20th Century by Craig Saper (Fordham University Press; 305 pages; $90 hardcover, $24.95 paperback). A biography of the writer and publisher Robert Carleton Brown (1886-1959), who had links to bohemian, Beat, expatriate, and other literary circles.

The Divine Madness of Philip K. Dick by Kyle Arnold (Oxford University Press; 234 pages; $19.95). Examines links between early traumas in Dick's life, including the death of his twin sister, and the author's spirituality and drug abuse; argues that Dick was not schizophrenic and links his paranoia to amphetamine addiction.

Ernest Hemingway: A New Life by James M. Hutchisson (Penn State University Press; 292 pages; $37.95). A biography of the writer that challenges what is termed the sensationalism of previous accounts.

Fact in Fiction: 1920s China and Ba Jin's "Family" by Kristin Stapleton (Stanford University Press; 288 pages; $85 hardcover, $25.95 paperback). Focuses on the 1933 novel's setting of Chengdu in a study of how Ba Jin distorted 1920s Chinese history to fit his narrative and politics.

How Russia Learned to Write: Literature and the Imperial Table of Ranks by Irina Reyfman (University of Wisconsin Press; 237 pages; $65). Discusses the Table of Ranks introduced by Peter the Great, and the impact of mandatory public service on Russian writers.

Robicheaux's Roots: Culture and Tradition in James Lee Burke's Dave Robicheaux Novels by Patricia M. Gaitely (Louisiana State University Press; 168 pages; $25). Discusses Burke's mystery novels featuring the Cajun detective and their depiction of the culture and environment of South Louisiana.

Self as Nation: Contemporary Hebrew Autobiography by Tamar Hess (Brandeis University Press/University Press of New England; 228 pages; $85 hardcover, $40 paperback). Discusses Yoram Kaniuk, Yehudit Kafri, Aharon Appelfeld, and seven other writers in a study of the interplay of the collective and the Israeli self in Hebrew autobiography.

The Works of Samuel Johnson, Volume 19: Biographical Writings: Soldiers, Scholars, and Friends edited by O M Brack Jr. and Robert DeMaria Jr. (Yale University Press; 616 pages; $125). Edition of Johnson's biographical writings as well as obituaries and epitaphs.

MUSIC

Flowing Tides: History and Memory in an Irish Soundscape by Gearoid O hAllmhurain (Oxford University Press; 311 pages; $45). Combines the author's perspectives as musician and scholar in a study of two centuries of the "soundscape" of County Clare, a renowed center for Irish music.

Mahler and Strauss: In Dialogue by Charles Youmans (Indiana University Press; 312 pages; $42). Combines a comparative study of the two composers' lives with an account of their 24-year relationship.

PHILOSOPHY

Kant's Philosophy of Communication by G.L. Ercolini (Duquesne University Press; 251 pages; $30). Examines the German philosopher's investment in the realm of rhetoric and human interaction, both in his life and his writings.

POLITICAL SCIENCE

The Courts, the Ballot Box, and Gay Rights: How Our Governing Institutions Shape the Same-Sex Marriage Debate by Joseph Mello (University Press of Kansas; 240 pages; $34.95). Examines why conservatives' arguments against same-sex marriage had more success in terms of ballot measures than in the arena of the courts.

Crude Strategy: Rethinking the US Military Commitment to Defend Persian Gulf Oil edited by Charles L. Glaser and Rosemary A. Kelanic (Georgetown University Press; 300 pages; $64.95 hardcover, $32.95 paperback). Writings by political scientists, historians, and economists that evaluate the current policy.

Gender Violence in Peace and War: States of Complicity edited by Victoria Sanford, Katerina Stefatos, and Cecilia M. Salvi (Rutgers University Press; 214 pages; $90 hardcover, $28.95 paperback). Writings on instances when states violence against women; includes historical and contemporary cases from the Congo, Greece, Guatamala, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Kenya, Mexico, Nicaragua, Russia, and the United States.

Just War Reconsidered: Strategy, Ethics, and Theory by James M. Dubik (University Press of Kentucky; 225 pages; $50). Develops an approach to just-war theory that includes a much greater consideration of the planning and conduct of warfare, as well as of the decision to initiate conflict.

Rape During Civil War by Dara Kay Cohen (Cornell University Press; 272 pages; $89.95 hardcover, $26.95 paperback). Develops a theory of why some armed groups rape during civil wars, while others do not; draws on a database on intrastate conflicts between 1980 and 2012 along with in-depth case studies of Sierra Leone, East Timor, and El Salvador.

POPULAR CULTURE

Rewriting History in Manga: Stories for the Nation edited by Nassim Otmazgin and Rebecca Suter (Palgrave Macmillan; 191 pages; $99.99). Essays on manga's relation to Japanese history and politics; topics include atomic survivors in Nakazawa Keiji's Black Series manga.

RELIGION

American Jesuits and the World: How an Embattled Religious Order Made Modern Catholicism Global by John T. McGreevy (Princeton University Press; 315 pages; $35). Examines the role of Jesuits in Catholic globalization in the century after the order was restored, by one pope, after having been suppressed 41 years prior by another; focuses on European Jesuits who traveled to the United States, and American Jesuits who traveled in missions to the Pacific.

Black Natural Law by Vincent W. Lloyd (Oxford University Press; 180 pages; $49.95). Focuses on Frederick Douglass, Anna Julia Cooper, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Martin Luther King Jr. in a study of how appeals to a higher law has shaped black political engagement.

Jews and the American Religious Landscape by Uzi Rebhun (Columbia University Press; 248 pages; $60). Draws on demographic and sociological data in a study of Jewish identity and religiosity.

Protestantism After 500 Years edited by Thomas Albert Howard and Mark A. Noll (Oxford University Press; 361 pages; $99 hardcover, $35 paperback). Writings by historians and theologians on the significance of the Reformation, nearly 500 years after Luther posted his 95 Theses.

RHETORIC

Secret Habits: Catholic Literacy Education for Women in the Early Nineteenth Century by Carol Mattingly (Southern Illinois University Press; 272 pages; $40). A study of female Catholic religious as educators of women during the period.

SOCIAL WORK

Bullying Scars: The Impact on Adult Life and Relationships by Ellen W. deLara (Oxford University Press; 270 pages; $24.95). Draws on interviews with more than 800 people in a study of how victimization as a child can affect adult life.

SOCIOLOGY

Down, Out, and Under Arrest: Policing and Everyday Life in Skid Row by Forrest Stuart (University of Chicago Press; 333 pages; $27.50). Draws on five years of fieldwork in Los Angeles's Skid Row, both among those living in its streets, shelters, and flophouses, and among the police for the district.

SPORTS STUDIES

The Turbulent World of Middle East Soccer by James M. Dorsey (Oxford University Press; 359 pages; $24.95). Examines how politics figure in football, and vice versa, across the region; topics include militant Islamists' love-hate relationship with the sport.


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Weekly Book List, August 26, 2016


Weekly Book List, August 26, 2016

August 21, 2016


ANTHROPOLOGY

No Place for Grief: Martyrs, Prisoners, and Mourning in Contemporary Palestine by Lotte Buch Segal (University of Pennsylvania Press; 211 pages; $49.95). A study of Palestinian women who are the wives of men held in Israeli prisons or the widows of men who have died in the ongoing violence.

ARCHAEOLOGY

Charleston: An Archaeology of Life in a Coastal Community by Martha A. Zierden and Elizabeth J. Reitz (University Press of Florida; 350 pages; $34.95). Draws on excavations that document life in the South Carolina city from the 17th to the 19th centuries.

Lost City, Found Pyramid: Understanding Alternative Archaeologies and Pseudoscientific Practices edited by Jeb J. Card and David S. Anderson (University of Alabama Press; 272 pages; $54.95). Writings on pseudoarchaeology in popular culture and the potential and perils of archaeologists critically engaging the phenomenon.

The Powhatan Landscape: An Archaeological History of the Algonquian Chesapeake by Martin D. Gallivan (University Press of Florida; 288 pages; $79.95). A study of indigenous settlement in the Virginia region over two millennia from the arrival of the Algonquian to the Powhatans' clashes with English colonists.

ART AND ARCHITECTURE

Art & Language International: Conceptual Art between Art Worlds by Robert Bailey (Duke University Press; 240 pages; $84.95 hardcover, $23.95 paperback). A study of an arts collective founded in England in 1969 and active until 1977; focuses on Art & Language's New York section as well as collaborative work done in Australia, New Zealand, and (then) Yugoslavia.

Geo-Narratives of a Filial Son: The Paintings and Travel Diaries of Huang Xiangjian (1609-1673) by Elizabeth Kindall (Harvard University Asia Center, distributed by Harvard University Press; 481 pages; $89.95). Uses the work of an artist from the Suzhou elite and the term "geo-narrative" to recognize and describe what is identified as a previously unrecognized tradition of site paintings and explore their wider social significance.

Live Form: Women, Ceramics, and Community by Jenni Sorkin (University of Chicago Press; 304 pages; $45). Focuses on Marguerite Wildenhain, Mary Caroline Richards, and Susan Peterson, three potters who promoted ceramics as an avant-garde form.

CLASSICAL STUDIES

Pliny the Elder and the Emergence of Renaissance Architecture by Peter Fane-Saunders (Cambridge University Press; 491 pages; $135). Discusses the Roman writer's Naturalis historia as a source for Renaissance artists, architects, and scholars on ancient architectural practice and wonders.

Prostitutes and Matrons in the Roman World by Anise K. Strong (Cambridge University Press; 304 pages; $99.99). Draws on art, literature, and other sources in a study of the fluidity and mutability of the categories of whore and wife in Roman society.

COMMUNICATION

Media After Deleuze by Tauel Harper and David Savat (Bloomsbury Academic; 188 pages; $94 hardcover, $29.95 paperback). Develops an approach to contemporary media grounded in the concepts of Deleuze and Guattari.

Mister Pulitzer and the Spider: Modern News from Realism to the Digital by Kevin G. Barnhurst (University of Illinois Press; 312 pages; $34.95). Traces changes in the nature of American journalism since the late 19th century.

EDUCATION

Making the Unequal Metropolis: School Desegregation and Its Limits by Ansley T. Erickson (University of Chicago Press; 416 pages; $40). Focuses on Nashville in a study of how school policies are linked to inequality in metropolitan areas.

FILM STUDIES

Invented Lives, Imagined Communities: The Biopic and American National Identity edited by William H. Epstein and R. Barton Palmer (State University of New York Press; 344 pages; $90). New and previously published writings on the American "biopic," with a focus on Houdini, Patton, The Great White Hope, Bound for Glory, Ed Wood, Basquiat, Pollock, Sylvia, Kinsey, Fur, Milk, J. Edgar, and Lincoln.

Projections of Memory: Romanticism, Modernism, and the Aesthetics of Film by Richard I. Suchenski (Oxford University Press; 320 pages; $99 hardcover, $24.95 paperback). A study of ambitious works of long-form cinema, with a focus on Gregory Markopoulos's Eniaios, Jacques Rivette's L'Amour fou and Out 1, and Jean-Luc Godard's Histoire(s) du cinema.

GEOGRAPHY

Beyond the Kale: Urban Agriculture and Social Justice Activism in New York City by Kristin Reynolds and Nevin Cohen (University of Georgia Press; 224 pages; $79.95 hardcover, $25.95 paperback). Pays particular attention to women and people of color in a study of how New York's urban agriculture movement has challenged structural inequities.

HISTORY

Beating against the Wind: Popular Opposition to Bishop Feild and Tractarianism in Newfoundland and Labrador by Calvin Hollett (McGill-Queen's University Press; 480 pages; US$110 hardcover, US$44.95 paperback). Describes a popular Protestantism embraced by coastal populations in Labrador and Newfoundland in resistance to the Tractarianism movement in the Anglican Church and its championing by Edward Feild, second bishop of Newfoundland (from 1844 to 1876).

Beyond Timbuktu: An Intellectual History of Muslim West Africa by Ousmane Oumar Kane (Harvard University Press; 282 pages; $39.95). A study of major sites of Islamic learning in West Africa beyond the famous schools and archives of Timbuktu (in present-day Mali); covers the period since the introduction of Islam.

The Body or the Soul? Religion and Culture in a Quebec Parish, 1736-1901 by Frank A. Abbott (McGill-Queen's University Press; 386 pages; US$100). Draws on oral-historical and other sources in a study of religious and cultural life in the rural parish of St-Joseph-de-Beauce.

Buying a Bride: An Engaging History of Mail-Order Matches by Marcia A. Zug (New York University Press; 304 pages; $30). Examines the history of mail-order marriage, from the Tobacco Wives of the Jamestown Colony to contemporary practices; documents the increasingly negative perceptions of such unions, but also how such arrangements can empower women.

Crown, Church and Constitution: Popular Conservatism in England, 1815-1867 by Jorg Neuheiser (Berghahn Books; 310 pages; $110). A study of "conservatism from below" that examines the royalist, xenophobic, and anti-Catholic politics that were a counter-force to the radical reform politics of the period.

Dangerous Neighbors: Making the Haitian Revolution in Early America by James Alexander Dun (University of Pennsylvania Press; 342 pages; $45). Focuses on Philadelphia, an enclave of anti-slavery activity, in a study of Americans' varied responses to the revolution on the French colony of Saint Domingue and the creation of an independent Haiti.

Fascist Interactions: Proposals for a New Approach to Fascism and Its Era, 1919-1945 by David D. Roberts (Berghahn Books; 319 pages; $120). Discusses the study of fascism beyond the dominant cases of Italy and Germany.

Forging a Laboring Race: The African American Worker in the Progressive Imagination by Paul R.D. Lawrie (New York University Press; 230 pages; $50). Examines realms from actuaries and academe to factories and the military in a study of Progressive Era notions of the black worker in modernity.

Genocide in the Carpathians: War, Social Breakdown, and Mass Violence, 1914-1945 by Raz Segal (Stanford University Press; 211 pages; $65). Focuses the borderland region of the Subcarpathian Rus' in a study that focuses on Hungarian persecution of Jews, Roma, and Carpatho-Ruthenians.

Jefferson, Lincoln, and the Unfinished Work of the Nation by Ronald L. Hatzenbuehler (Southern Illinois University Press; 176 pages; $19.50). A comparative study of the two American presidents.

The Katangese Gendarmes and War in Central Africa: Fighting Their Way Home by Erik Kennes and Miles Larmer (Indiana University Press; 318 pages; $85 hardcover, $35 paperback). Discusses a force from a secessionist region of Congo, their exile in Angola, their involvement in regional conflicts, and their efforts to return home.

Known for My Work: African American Ethics from Slavery to Freedom by Lynda J. Morgan (University Press of Florida; 208 pages; $74.95). Traces the building of an African-American ethos of honest labor in the face of oppression.

The Merchants of Siberia: Trade in Early Modern Eurasia by Erika Monahan (Cornell University Press; 410 pages; $49.95). Uses the histories of three merchant families to examine trade as a key aspect of the Muscovy state's assertion of authority on the Siberian periphery; disputes the notion that the state placed a straitjacket on economic growth, and that Russian merchants were risk averse.

Northern Character: College-Educated New Englanders, Honor, Nationalism, and Leadership in the Civil War Era by Kanisorn Wongsrichanalai (Fordham University Press; 288 pages; $140 hardcover, $35 paperback). Examines the motivations of elite young men who rushed from colleges in the North to serve the Union in battle.

Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions by Ali Yaycioglu (Stanford University Press; 347 pages; $65). A study of institutional and other change in the empire in the late 18th and early 19th centuries; disputes notions of a linear transition between old and new, or from Eastern to Western institutions.

Pembroke: A Rural, Black Community on the Illinois Dunes by Dave Baron (Southern Illinois University Press; 234 pages; $26.50). Discusses a black community in a corner of rural Kankakee County, Ill., about 65 miles south of Chicago.

Precarious Paths to Freedom: The United States, Venezuela, and the Latin American Cold War by Aragorn Storm Miller (University of New Mexico Press; 278 pages; $65). Documents how forces of moderation in both Washington and Caracas combined to block both right- and left-wing extremism between 1958 and 1968 and to promote successive, competitive elections.

Sacred Violence in Early America by Susan Juster (University of Pennsylvania Press; 267 pages; $55). Discusses blood sacrifice, holy war, malediction, and iconoclasm in a study that links English colonists' violence to Europe's Wars of Religion.

Scythe and the City: A Social History of Death in Shanghai by Christian Henriot (Stanford University Press; 484 pages; $65). Examines how beliefs and practices concerning death changed from the late imperial period to the first decade of the People's Republic of China.

Show Thyself a Man: Georgia State Troops, Colored, 1865-1905 by Gregory Mixon (University Press of Florida; 419 pages; $79.95). Documents how black men used militia service in post-Civil War Georgia as a means of political and social betterment until the militias were disbanded by whites.

Time Travel: Tourism and the Rise of the Living History Museum in Mid-Twentieth-Century Canada by Alan Gordon (University of British Columbia Press; 384 pages; US$99). A study of Canada's living history museums from the 1930s through the 1970s, with particular attention to forces shaping them in the 60s and 70s.

Too Great a Burden to Bear: The Struggle and Failure of the Freedmen's Bureau in Texas by Christopher B. Bean (Fordham University Press; 320 pages; $140 hardcover, $40 paperback). Focuses on the motivations, ideas, and actions of men employed as sub-assistant commissioners in the Reconstruction-era bureaus.

LABOR STUDIES

From Mission to Microchip: A History of the California Labor Movement by Fred B. Glass (University of California Press; 544 pages; $70 hardcover, $34.95 paperback). Sets the history of labor organizing in California in the context of the state's diverse population and status as a destination since the Gold Rush.

LAW

Confident Pluralism: Surviving and Thriving through Deep Difference by John D. Inazu (University of Chicago Press; 176 pages; $29). Discusses the constitutional commitments and civic practices necessary to defend a healthy tradition of pluralism in the United States.

Exclusion from Public Space: A Comparative Constitutional Analysis by Daniel Moeckli (Cambridge University Press; 578 pages; $155). Focuses on Britain, the United States, and Switzerland in a comparative study of the rights and other issues raised by an increasing number of laws that allow the exclusion of the homeless, protesters, drug addicts, teenagers, and others from certain public spaces.

Homelessness in New York City: Policymaking from Koch to de Blasio by Thomas J. Main (New York University Press; 273 pages; $50). Examines how Mayors Koch, Dinkins, Giuliani, Bloomberg, and de Blasio have attempted to meet the city's obligation under 1979 litigation that guarantees a right to shelter.

LINGUISTICS

Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan by Uta Reinohl (Oxford University Press; 234 pages; $105). Traces the rise of postpositions in a study of Indo-Aryan language over three millennia with a focus on Vedic Sanskrit, Middle Indic Pali and Apabhramsha, Early New Indic Old Awadhi, and Hindi.

LITERATURE

The Contemporary Irish Detective Novel edited by Elizabeth Mannion (Palgrave Macmillan; 168 pages; $90). Essays on the work of such authors as Peter Tremayne, John Connolly, Declan Hughes, Ken Bruen, Brian McGilloway, Stuart Neville, Tana French, Jane Casey, and Benjamin Black.

Culinary Shakespeare: Staging Food and Drink in Early Modern England edited by David B. Goldstein and Amy Tigner (Duquesne University Press; 350 pages; $70). Topics include the social and religious associations of drink, and the economic implications of ingredients from foreign lands.

Goethe's Families of the Heart by Susan E. Gustafson (Bloomsbury Academic; 199 pages; $120). Documents how the German author challenges 18th-century conventions regarding families and relationships, portraying characters whose feelings of love pull them into a variety of affinities.

Literature and "Interregnum": Globalization, War, and the Crisis of Sovereignty in Latin America by Patrick Dove (State University of New York Press; 330 pages; $90). A study of end-of-millennium novels by Cesar Aira, Marcelo Cohen, Sergio Chejfec, Diamela Eltit, and Roberto Bolano.

Modernism and the Materiality of Texts by Eyal Amiran (Cambridge University Press; 192 pages; $99.99). Examines features of modernist texts that reflect their authors' anxieties and psychic crises; figures discussed include Gertrude Stein, Alice Toklas, P. G. Wodehouse, Conan Doyle, J. M. Barrie, George Herriman, and Sigmund Freud.

Narrative Subversion in Medieval Literature by E.L. Risden (McFarland & Company; 192 pages; $35). Works discussed include Beowulf, Piers Plowman, Le Morte D' Arthur, The Canterbury Tales, Troylus and Criseyde, 'Voluspa" and other Old Norse sagas, and Grail quest romances.

Object Lessons: The Novel as a Theory of Reference by Jami Bartlett (University of Chicago Press; 184 pages; $35). Draws on philosophical theories of reference in a study of novels by Meredith, Thackeray, Gaskell, and Murdoch.

Ornamental Aesthetics: The Poetry of Attending in Thoreau, Dickinson, and Whitman by Theo Davis (Oxford University Press; 245 pages; $65). Discusses the three writers' "ornamental aesthetics" as form of attention and thought that marks persons, objects, and the world and explores mental engagement.

Queer Philologies: Sex, Language, and Affect in Shakespeare's Time by Jeffrey Masten (University of Pennsylvania Press; 353 pages; $59.95). Examines terms and related rhetorics used to inscribe bodies, pleasures, affects, sexual acts, and identities in early modern English culture.

Sarah Waters and Contemporary Feminisms edited by Adele Jones and Claire O'Callaghan (Palgrave Macmillan; 248 pages; $90). Essays on the Welsh novelist that link her works to contemporary feminism and feminist theory; topics include female masculinity and butch subjectivity in Tipping the Velvet and The Night Watch.

They Have All Been Healed: Reading Robert Walser by Jan Plug (Northwestern University Press; 224 pages; $99.95 hardcover, $34.95 paperback). Explores healing and salvation in the works of the Swiss-German modernist writer (1878-1956), including Snow White, The Walk, Jakob von Gunten, and The Robber.

Tropics of Vienna: Colonial Utopias of the Habsburg Empire by Ulrich E. Bach (Berghahn Books; 143 pages; $80). Focuses on writings by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Lazar von Hellenbach, Theodor Hertzka, Theodor Herzl, Robert Muller, and Joseph Roth.

MUSIC

Rethinking Schubert edited by Lorraine Byrne Bodley and Julian Horton (Oxford University Press; 528 pages; $74). Revisionist essays on the Austrian composer's life, work, influence, and legacy; topics include disability, self-critique, and failure in Schubert's "Der Doppelganger," and the sensuous as a constructive force in his late works.

PHILOSOPHY

Free Will and Action Explanation: A Non-Causal, Compatibilist Account by Scott Sehon (Oxford University Press; 239 pages; $74). Defends a teleological rather than causal account of human action and agency, and applies that approach to a discussion of free will and responsibility.

The Making of Friedrich Nietzsche: The Quest for Identity, 1844--1869 by Daniel Blue (Cambridge University Press; 351 pages; $49.99). Draws on untranslated German scholarship in a study of the philosopher's youth, education, and self-fashioning.

Mortal Thought: Holderlin and Philosophy by James Luchte (Bloomsbury Academic; 201 pages; $112). A study of the German poet and thinker Friedrich Holderlin (1770-1843) that focuses on his impact on later philosophy---in particular Nietzsche, the Frankfurt School, Heidegger, and poststructuralism.

POLITICAL SCIENCE

The Boundary Bargain: Growth, Development, and the Future of City-County Separation by Zachary Spicer (McGill-Queen's University Press; 200 pages; US$100 hardcover, US$27.95 paperback). Uses case studies of London, Guelph, and Barrie, Ontario, in a study of the workings, problems, and best practices of strict county-city separation in governance.

Obama and Kenya: Contested Histories and the Politics of Belonging by Matthew Carotenuto and Katherine Luongo (Ohio University Press; 240 pages; $49.95 hardcover, $22.95 paperback). Topics include how the East African nation's contested politics have shaped efforts to cast the president as a "son of the soil."

The Parliaments of Autonomous Nations edited by Guy Laforest and Andre Lecours (McGill-Queen's University Press; 312 pages; US$110 hardcover, US$34.95 paperback). Writings on how parliamentary bodies in Flanders, Quebec, Catalonia, Galicia, the Basque Country, Scotland, and Northern Ireland assert their minority nations' cultural identities and claims to self-determination; also examines the responses of central parliaments.

The Rise and Fall of the Miraculous Welfare Machine: Immigration and Social Democracy in Twentieth-Century Sweden by Carly Elizabeth Schall (Cornell University Press; 248 pages; $55). Traces the history of the Swedish welfare state since the 1920s, and considers the impact of greater diversity on the system.

RELIGION

The Cult of St Ursula and the 11,000 Virgins edited by Jane Cartwright (University of Wales Press, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 299 pages; $125). Essays on legends, art, and music inspired by the story in the third century of a British king's daughter and devout Christian who agreed to marry a pagan prince to save her father's kingdom, deferred the marriage by insisting on a final pilgrimage to Rome in the company of 11,000 virgins, and on the way back, was martyred with her companions in Cologne.

Echoes of Enlightenment: The Life and Legacy of the Tibetan Saint Sonam Peldren by Suzanne M. Bessenger (Oxford University Press; 296 pages; $99 hardcover, $35 paperback). Examines the hagiographical and literary agendas that shaped accounts of the female Buddhist figure (1328-72).

The Empress and the Heavenly Masters: A Study of the Ordination Scroll of Empress Zhang (1493) by Luk Yu-ping (Chinese University Press, distributed by Columbia University Press; 258 pages; $45). A study of a more-than 27-meter scroll that documents the ordination of Empress Zhang by a Heavenly Master of Zhengyi Daoism.

The Genesis of Liberation: Biblical Interpretation in the Antebellum Narratives of the Enslaved by Emerson B. Powery and Rodney S. Sadler Jr. (Westminister John Knox Press; 182 pages; $35). Examines the emancipatory appropriation of the King James Bible by such figures as Frederick Douglass, Solomon Bayley, and William Anderson.

God Being Nothing: Toward a Theogony by Ray L. Hart (University of Chicago Press; 272 pages; $45). Develops a view of God as perpetually in process, and continually generated from nothing.

The Greek "Historia Monachorum in Aegypto": Monastic Hagiography in the Late Fourth Century by Andrew Cain (Oxford University Press; 329 pages; $135). A study of the anonymous account written by one of seven monks who in September 394 left their Jerusalem monastery to journey to Egypt to visit a series of "monastic celebrities."

The Myth of Normative Secularism: Religion and Politics in the Democratic Homeworld by Daniel D. Miller (Duquesne University Press; 346 pages; $33). Draws on Husserl's generative phenomenology to develop a view of the relationship between religion and politics in a democratic society.

The Oxford Movement in Practice: The Tractarian Parochial World from the 1830s to the 1870s by George Herring (Oxford University Press; 368 pages; $120). A study of the Tractarian movement in the generation after John Henry Newman's Anglican-to-Roman Catholic conversion.

Religious Competition in the Greco-Roman World edited by Nathaniel P. DesRosiers and Lily C. Vuong (Society of Biblical Literature; 326 pages; $49.95 hardcover, $34.95 paperback). Focuses on themes of material culture, neo-Platonism, religious expertise, and relics in essays on competition and other points of contact among pagan, Christian, Jewish, philosophical, and early Islamic communities in late antiquity.

Selected Works of D.T. Suzuki, Volume III: Comparative Religion edited by Jeff Wilson and Tomoe Moriya (University of California Press; 320 pages; $49.95). Edition of letters, essays, and lectures about Christianity, Shinto, and other non-Buddhist religions by the Japanese thinker, who was a key figure in the introduction of Buddhism to the West; includes previously untranslated materials.

Spiritual Despots: Modern Hinduism and the Genealogies of Self-Rule by J. Barton Scott (University of Chicago Press; 280 pages; $45). Documents how Protestant missionaries spread anti-clerical rhetoric through British India, and how that "priestcraft" rhetoric became part of the discourse of Hindu reformers, with lasting religious and political effect.

Ye That Are Men Now Serve Him: Radical Holiness Theology and Gender in the South by Colin B. Chapell (University of Alabama Press; 256 pages; $54.95). Contrasts the South Baptist Convention and Methodist Episcopal Church with the Holiness movement in a study of how religion figured in Southern gender roles between 1877 and 1915.

RHETORIC

Antebellum American Women's Poetry: A Rhetoric of Sentiment by Wendy Dasler Johnson (Southern Illinois University Press; 248 pages; $40). Focuses on works by Frances Watkins Harper, Lydia Huntley Sigourney, and Julia Ward Howe in a study of how women used sentimental poetry as a voice in public debate.

Rhetoric, Through Everyday Things edited by Scot Barnet and Casey Boyle (University of Alabama Press; 280 pages; $59.95). Essays on the rhetorical interaction of material objects.

SOCIOLOGY

Becoming Black Political Subjects: Movements and Ethno-Racial Rights in Colombia and Brazil by Tianna S. Paschel (Princeton University Press; 311 pages; $39.50). Combines archival and ethnographic perspectives in a study of how activists in both countries succeeded in bringing about legislation aimed at black populations.

The Servant Class City: Urban Revitalization versus the Working Poor in San Diego by David J. Karjanen (University of Minnesota Press; 312 pages; $98 hardcover, $28 paperback). Uses San Diego to examine the "poverty traps" created by low-paying jobs in the service sectors of cities centered on tourism.

Unsettled Americans: Metropolitan Context and Civic Leadership for Immigrant Integration edited by John Mollenkopf and Manuel Pastor (Cornell University Press; 328 pages; $89.95 hardcover, $24.95 paperback). Focuses on New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Charlotte, Phoenix, San Jose, and California's "Inland Empire."

THEATER

The Soul of Pleasure: Sentiment and Sensation in Nineteenth-Century American Mass Entertainment by David Monod (Cornell University Press; 295 pages; $49.95). Focuses on minstrel acts, burlesques, and saloon variety shows in a study of how sentimentality figured in 19th-century entertainment.


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How to Win an Academic Argument


How to Win an Academic Argument

Chronicle Review illustration by Ron Coddington
By Stanley Fish August 05, 2016 Premium

n a 1976 essay — "Interpreting the Variorum," published in Critical Inquiry — I coined the term "interpretive community." An interpretive community is not made up of persons who, because they share some of the same ideas and aims, get together and form a club, as Star Trek fans do. Rather, an interpretive community is made up of those who, by virtue of training, experience, and practice, have internalized the norms of some purposive enterprise — law, education, politics, plumbing — to the point where they see with its eyes and walk in its ways without having to think about it.

In a short time the interpretive-community idea caught on and was applied to different problems in different disciplines. After a while many people forgot where the term originated and used it without attributing it to me. In effect, I was being plagiarized all the time. (Wikipedia, at least, gives me proper credit.)

Why am I distressed at the casual appropriation by many of a two-word phrase? The answer has to do with the system of currency in the academy. In that system big ideas count for more than small points, and as it has turned out, "interpretive community" is a big idea. If you are known as the originator, and therefore the proprietor, of a big idea, your academic stock is to some extent secure; for that identification goes along with you even if you have not touched the idea in years, much as the winner of an Academy Award is introduced as one long after he or she has made any well-received films.

All of this follows from the fact that what is valued in the academy is originality. Both plagiarism as a culpable act and the academic enterprise as a field of competition make sense only if originality is presupposed as a possibility and a value. When I came up with the idea of an interpretive community, I was suddenly the possessor of something of value, something others might borrow and modify to the extent that they found it helpful in their professional labors. I couldn't patent the idea or copyright it, but I could regard it as a piece of "intellectual property" and require as a matter of professional courtesy, if not as a matter of law, that users acknowledge my ownership when invoking the phrase. (As I have noted, that hasn't quite worked out.)

So that's the basic economy of the academy: You advance and prosper to the extent that the solutions you offer to intellectual puzzles are found persuasive and are subsequently credited to you as their originator. Promotions, honors, and influence follow.

For some time, however, the components that make up this "originality picture" have been under challenge. First of all, the idea of a single author whose willed intention produces a text or an image that can be identified as "his" or "hers" has been attacked by philosophers, art historians, historians of science, theorists of the internet, literary critics, and a host of others often influenced by essays such as Roland Barthes's "The Death of the Author" and Michel Foucault's "What Is an Author?" In Barthes's words, "it is language that speaks, not the author," who is merely its local and temporary habitation.

It follows that originality is not a claim one can make, given that one can say only what the system allows one to say; one can say only what has been said already.

And yet — and this is the point I have been winding toward — those who celebrate this brave new world where the claim of originality can never be cashed in, sign the essays they write, gather together in manifestos and anthologies advertised as offering a new saving truth, and in general comport themselves as academic entrepreneurs who have something to sell and therefore something they own. I don't intend this as a criticism. The fact that these authors-despite-themselves are claiming originality for their arguments against originality is not so much a contradiction as it is an inevitable consequence of having entered the arena of academic argument, where the imperative is to be the originator of something new and where the assumption is that you wouldn't be putting yourself forward were you not making that claim.

You might think this is just common knowledge, but it isn't. It is knowledge peculiar to academic life; and it is knowledge students who enter that province as novices will have to learn, often with difficulty. They can turn for help to Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein's They Say, I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing (W.W. Norton, 2006). Graff and Birkenstein begin with a simple premise: "academic writing is argumentative writing, and we believe that to argue well you need to do more than assert your own ideas. You need to enter a conversation, using what others say (or might say) as a launching pad or sounding board for your own ideas."

Graff and Birkenstein write for undergraduates, but they are not the only ones who need help. Years ago a graduate student came to ask my advice about a dissertation she was planning to write. Her topic, the relationship between Supreme Court decisions and the history of race relations, was a reasonable one and her enthusiasm for it was evident. I asked her to write a prospectus stating her thesis and the arguments she would make to support it. When I looked at what she had given me I found that her writing (and thinking) was driven by moral outrage rather than scholarly inquiry. Instead of allowing her conclusion to follow from the evidence, she began with her conclusion (that the court was complicit with everything bad that had ever happened) and then proceeded to reaffirm it in every paragraph.

I told her that if this was to be a piece of academic writing, she would have to first make a case for why anyone in the field, as opposed to someone she was talking to in a coffee shop, would be interested in what she had to say. That case would have to include a survey of previous scholarship (always treated with respect even in the act of disagreeing with it), especially the scholarship of established leaders, and an account of how what she proposed to do would fit in, where "fitting in" was understood to include revising and even disrupting received wisdom. Once that was done, I told her, an indictment of the court might be the earned result of the materials she marshaled, but it shouldn't be the starting point to which the materials were made to conform. In short, I gave her the short course in academic argument.

It didn't take. Her revision was cosmetically improved, but right beneath the surface were the same moral urgency, premature judgment, and already cooked conclusion that had bothered me in the first place. I explained it all over again and sent her away to give it another try. She didn't come back and I don't blame her. She wasn't unintelligent — far from it! She just didn't want to do academic work, strictly speaking; she wanted to do social justice and she happened to be in a program where political advocacy and academic work were not distinct categories. What I was telling her just didn't jibe with what she was hearing from her teachers and fellow students.

The very fact of such a program presents a difficulty for my assertion that in academic work, some kinds of argument are obligatory and other kinds suspect. If entire departments regard as legitimate the kinds of arguments I say are not properly academic, my category of "properly academic" is in danger of becoming idiosyncratic and tendentious. If a professor wants to turn a classroom into a staging ground for his or her political views, there may not be anything to stop him.

To be sure, there are gatekeeping mechanisms that operate to send away work that rather than seeking to advance our understanding of an issue seeks to advance a political agenda and turn students and readers into activists. Learned journals often serve that function, as do those who organize panels at meetings.

But if the learned journals are keeping you and your friends out and labeling what you do "unprofessional" or "nonacademic," you can start a journal of your own and devote its first issue to explaining why the current definitions of "professional" and "academic" are too narrow and mask an ideological position that is not announcing itself. In the academy it is always possible to set up a "rogue" territory where what is done is frowned upon by the conservative establishment. The graduate student who asked me for help came from such a territory.

hat this means is that what is and is not a proper academic argument is itself something continually being argued about. The argument can even extend to the point of calling the entire enterprise into question.

Professional norms in the legal academy elicit arguments about their own efficacy; reasons are given for doubting the very existence of legal reasoning. In the early part of the 20th century, self-described "legal realists" inveighed against legal rules, legal concepts, and legal autonomy, characterizing the whole supposedly rational structure as a sham, a myth, a deliberate obfuscation, and urging lawyers and judges to attend to the facts on the ground and the needs and lives of real persons, all of which, they said, are bypassed when abstract categories speak not to any realities but to each other in a spectacularly empty manner.

Later in the century, members of the Critical Legal Studies movement added to the realist arguments the postmodern, deconstructionist arguments that language is irremediably indeterminate; that rules, no matter how finely drawn, do not yield stable and predictable outcomes; that because the deployment of legal terms can lead to any outcome, the manipulator of those terms desires there is no such things as the rule of law; that the distinction between law and power cannot be maintained; that everything standard legal doctrine wants to keep out — politics, subjectivity, ideology — is already in; and that the whole bankrupt, shaky edifice is designed to further the interests of the haves and keep the have-nots in their place.

And yet, the force of these arguments aimed at blowing up the establishment was more than a little blunted by the fact that they were appearing in the very establishment pages of law reviews at Harvard, Stanford, Texas, Wisconsin, and Yale.

In the liberal-arts world, the assaults on the assumptions, methodologies, and very structure of the enterprise were even fiercer. From the late 60s on, the corrosive touch of postmodern theory seemed to lay waste to the disciplinary landscape. And yet, when things quieted down and the voices preaching apocalypse and the countervoices sounding the alarm subsided, all the disciplines and departments were still standing, doing recognizable business under the old rubrics, although the business was somewhat changed by the very arguments the establishment had pushed away.

An academic discipline can tolerate any challenge so long as the challenge is conducted within its precincts. Supposedly subversive arguments are absorbed into the very intellectual structures they claim to overthrow. Challenges to the very core of the enterprise tend to operate on the margins, where they are regarded almost as entertainments ("Did you hear what those postmodern nuts are saying now?"), as Old Man Discipline just keeps rolling along.

t is within that entrenched conservatism (and with due allowance for dissenters trying to push the envelope) that one can confidently pronounce on what arguments are acceptable and unacceptable in the academy. Although theoretically any topic is ripe for academic consideration and debate, some arguments do not make it into the arena. The academy has a list of subjects that are not considered to be candidates for serious attention. First on the list is Holocaust denial, which in the academy occupies the same category as round-earth denial and astrology, although in the nonacademic world it attracts passionate adherents.

The roster of Holocaust deniers contains historians, heads of state, public intellectuals, and entertainment stars. Of course there are historians, heads of state, public intellectuals, and entertainment stars on the other side, and one might expect that the debate would be just the ticket for a university classroom where, it is often said, the search for truth is to be conducted in a spirit of open inquiry with no holds barred. Here is the Canadian lawyer Barbara Kulaszka making just that point on the website of the Institute for Historical Review, a Holocaust-denial organ: "Let this issue be settled as all great historical controversies are resolved: through free inquiry and open debate in our journals, newspapers, and classrooms."

Not this controversy, however. Holocaust denial has been rejected as a respectable position in nearly all Western democracies, many of which have declared it malum in se — evil in and of itself — and passed laws prohibiting and criminalizing the dissemination of its arguments. If the United States were such a country, the absence of Holocaust deniers in the academy would be easily explained: It would be illegal to make their arguments (as opposed, again, to studying them), and universities are not in the habit of hiring lawbreakers. But denying the Holocaust is perfectly legal in the United States, where the First Amendment has been consistently interpreted by the courts as forbidding "viewpoint discrimination"; therefore Holocaust deniers, like astrologists, must be allowed to have their say.

How is it then that you won't find any Holocaust deniers having their say in history departments? (You might find persons who deny the Holocaust teaching in departments, like electrical engineering, where neither denial nor affirmation is pertinent to the subject matter; the academy doesn't want to keep out people who believe disreputable things; it wants to keep out people who teach disreputable things.) The answer is that the discipline has decided that rather than being a legitimate form of historical "revisionism," as deniers claim, Holocaust denial is just the dressing up of lies and distortions in academic garb.

In 1991, the American Historical Association said as much when it issued this statement: "No serious historian questions that the Holocaust took place." Now you might read that as saying "as historians we've looked into the matter, gathered evidence, conducted polls, sent out questionnaires, et cetera, and what we've found is that no academic holding a position in a history department questions that the Holocaust took place." But in fact the statement follows not from empirical research but from a stipulative definition of what the phrase "serious historian" means: It means someone who affirms the Holocaust. If you deny it, you will not receive an appointment to a history department no matter what your credentials. This is the academy declaring, with no other justification than the institutional force it exerts, that we're not going to give this stuff the time of day.

What this shows is that despite the familiar claim that the academy is dedicated to open inquiry, it is not, in fact, committed to giving every idea a hearing, no more than a court is committed to considering every argument offered to it. The academy is dedicated to inquiry into the topics it deems properly academic — yes, the process is circular — and it will send ideas it has judged to be off the wall away without so much as a hearing.

This does not mean that there is no hope for Holocaust deniers — or, say, proponents of creationism. The academy is not a static place and the roster of acceptable and unacceptable arguments is not fixed. In Chaos of Disciplines (University of Chicago Press, 2001), Andrew Abbott calculates that "20 years is about the length of time it takes a group of academics to storm the ramparts, take the citadel, and settle down to the fruits of victory." During the process, the two groups — the stormers of the citadel and its defenders — will have different lists of acceptable and unacceptable arguments. When the process is over, one list will be the discipline's official one, until, and inevitably, the process starts all over again.

Fluctuation in the content of the distinction between acceptable and unacceptable arguments is less significant in the long run than the fact that the distinction, in some form, is always in place.

Academics know what they can say and what they cannot say, and that knowledge remains a hallmark of their membership in the enterprise.

hat are the effects of academic arguments? While the academy and the law are alike in the narrowness of the range of arguments they allow to be made, they differ in the consequences that follow once an argument has succeeded in the discipline. A successful academic argument has as its fruit the judgment that one scholar is right and another wrong about a disputed matter. A successful legal argument has as its fruit the dispersion of rewards and penalties not only to those who are party to the instant case, but also to those down the line (friends, relatives, associates) who will be affected by the decision.

To be sure, the loser in an academic argument may suffer a diminution of his or her reputation, may fail to be offered a plum job, may not be elected president of the discipline's association, but this is a far cry from losing your property or losing your money or losing custody of your child or losing your freedom or losing your life. Indeed, it may not be too much to say that it is a feature of academic warfare that its outcomes are supposed to be inconsequential in the larger order of things.

But wouldn't it be different if the topic of discussion were the alternative strategies for dealing with Iran or the reality of global warming or the merits and demerits of "broken windows" policing or the tactics of the Tea Party?

Actually, no. The structure and effect of the discussion would be exactly the same as long as it was an academic discussion and not something else. You can — and, if you're a classroom teacher, should — study the rise of the Tea Party without at any point rendering an up or down judgment on its philosophy or agenda. You can turn an analytical lens on the broken-windows theory of policing and still be miles from announcing that you would support or reject it were you a member of a city council. The consequences of there being a Tea Party are considerable and the consequences of community policing are arguably greater, but there are no consequences to the academic study of either, except for the consequence in a classroom of a clearer view of the subject or the consequence for a career of having written a seminal article. These are not small consequences in the internal world of the academy, but they do not spill over into the larger world where they provoke men, women, and armies to action.

To be sure, national and even global consequences may follow if what you have said in class or written in a scholarly essay is picked up and cited by someone who is in a position to advance an agenda. But such consequences are contingent; they are not built into the academic enterprise and they may or may not occur. What can always occur, if you work hard enough, is that you and your students end the semester with a deeper understanding of an issue, an event, a text, an idea, a physical phenomenon, and that should be more than enough, although it is not for many instructors.

Academic arguments don't move mountains, they move minds (which may down the road move mountains, but again that is a contingent outcome), and thus in a way they are weightless, that is, without weight in the give and take of political strife unless they are appropriated for political purposes. But their weightlessness is their glory, and that is why they are different from domestic arguments, political arguments, and legal arguments. Like virtue, the making of them is their own reward. Other rewards are left to time and heaven.

Stanley Fish is a professor of law at Florida International University and a visiting professor at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. This essay is adapted from his new book, Winning Arguments, out now from Harper.

A version of this article appeared in the  September 2, 2016 issue.


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格陵兰小非洲大,世界地图是错的?这则谣言是怎么连续三次欺骗全世界的?


格陵兰小非洲大,世界地图是错的?这则谣言是怎么连续三次欺骗全世界的?

一、 那是唯一一种不可能投影失真的平面地图!

近日,因为一篇火爆了的了伪科普鸡汤文《俄罗斯没有那么大,欧洲真的超小》,"愚昧落后"的国人终于得以一睹了thetruesize.com的高科技,把格陵兰(80万平方英里)往在地图上看起来和它差不多大小的非洲(1160万平方英里)上一拖动,登时原形毕露,俄罗斯、加拿大等北半球高纬度地区随之纷纷落马。
原来俄罗斯不比中国大多少呀!
格陵兰居然就这么大一点?
△(动图日记居然无法显示,坑,请戳https://www.douban.com/people/Nataliecarol/status/1882995620/
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眼见为实,网友们哀叹"原来我们被骗了这么多年",媒体跟上惊呼"世界地图错得离谱",自是理所当然。"世界地图"在近日受到的口诛笔伐,已经妥妥超过强辐射的发电站、强致癌的路由器,悄然直逼即将灭绝地球所有生物的转基因作物了。
当然,和所有作用主要为暴露围观群众智商的伪科普一样,如此拙劣的谎言马上就被诸多专业人士啪啪打脸。
△那位作者看到的世界地图,他家的世界地图好像和咱家的都不一样
归根结底,地图本质上是投影的制图学。投影是借由整整一套合适的几何学原理,把三维物体画在二维平面上的绘图。这套最初由古希腊地理学家托勒密整合而成的几何方法经由近两千年的发展,产生过无以计数的投影法。
△各种各样的投影法,与本文主题无关不再详述,可参《十二幅地图中的世界史》
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自刻在一块楔形文字石板的巴比伦世界地图于1881年被发现以来,人类的地图史就倏然有了2500年的长度。这2500年间里出现过的投影方法或有优劣,其中绝大部分都早已被历史遗忘。然而,只要是用投影方式绘制的平面地图,就不可能同时规避长度、角度与面积变形。永远不可能用固定的比例尺将地球绘制到平面的地图上,除非扭曲形状或角度。直到如今,这个问题依然是公开的秘密,世界地图和地图集无不承认这一点,却被埋藏在建构地图的各种技术细节中。
△已知最早的世界地图:巴比伦世界地图,伊拉克南部西帕尔出土,约公元前700年至前500年。
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而无比吊诡的是,一幅完全精准还原它要模仿的世界的地图,是毫无用处的。正如《爱丽丝梦游仙境记》的作者,大名鼎鼎的刘易斯·卡罗尔在他动人的作品《西尔维和布鲁诺最终篇》(1893年)中皆是的:人物米恩·赫尔(外星人)讲述他们文明的状况:"我们真的按照一比一的比例尺做成了一幅国家地图!"当他被问及这地图是否常用时,米恩·赫尔坦言:"从来没有打开过。"他还说:"农民们反对,他们说这会盖住整个国家,遮挡住阳光!所以我们现在就使用这个国家本身作为地图,我向你保证,这也一样好用。"
△《爱丽丝梦游仙境记》的作者,刘易斯·卡罗尔。
我们日常所用的世界地图一般使用的方法其实是罗宾逊投影,它的确产生了一定的失真,但这种地图与文中那种被当做靶子的无辜地图全然不同。
△中国大陆地区家家户户最常使用的那种世界地图。
无比可笑的,那种被当做靶子的地图,可能是所有的地图中唯一一种不应该受到这样指控的地图。它使用的投影法,叫做可利投影(Plate Carree),又被称为"空投影"。
△可利投影(Plate Carree),算出来的"投影法"。
之所以叫做空投影,是因为这种方法是把经纬度值直接对应到平面直角坐标系上的,所以根本不与我们生活的现实世界对应,它只可能是电子计算机地图,故又被称为空投影。质言之,这种地图是计算机算出来的,而不是画出来的。所以说,即使其余所有平面地图都应该面临无法完全复原世界地理的指控,那么这种地图也是唯一拥有豁免权的。

空投影与麦卡托投影可谓是判若云泥,那么为什么明显是个地理盲的作者要把矛头指向他明显根本就不知其所是为何的墨卡托投影地图呢?

这其实是因为作者道听途说了一桩整个人类地图学史上最大的丑闻与笑话。而thetruesize.com网站所用的那种等面积投影地图的原型,便是缔造了这桩笑话的"彼得斯投影地图"。(图6)可笑亦可悲的是,作者像很多和他一样无知的前人一样,以为闹笑话的那个民科揭示了地图中隐藏的秘密——所有的地图都会失真。

可悲的是,这本就是一个所有的制图者都不会反驳的事实。地图的确有他真正的阿喀琉斯之踵,那也是地图最大的秘密与观看地图最大的乐趣所在。可惜,这阿喀琉斯之踵与投影法的几何学毫无关系。
△黑格尔:人类唯一能从历史中吸取的教训就是人类从来都不会从历史中吸取教训。所以一个这样拙劣与毫无技术含量的谎言才可以至少三次造成了媒体与大众的震动。
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我相信,还会有下一次的。
当然如果大家都看过这篇文章的话,就不会有下一次了~

二、 一部美剧让一幅错到离谱的地图销量陡升5倍,一桩损人听闻的地图诈骗案

1972年底,NASA发布了阿波罗十七号在太空中拍下的系列地球照片。这组照片产生了轰动,我们如今熟知的"地球村"观念,便是麦克卢汉受其启发而提出的。对本文的主题而言,这组照片更是里程碑式的,包括所有地理学家和制图师在内的人类第一次看到了非投影的世界地图,GIS技术也由之得到了巨大飞跃。
△阿波罗17号拍摄的震惊世界的地球照片。
还要等很多年,谷歌卫星地图才会出现,但等了不到半年,德国历史学家阿诺·彼得斯(Arno Peters)便公布了他"迄今最诚实的世界投影图",而之前所有的地图都是不诚实的,尤以"过度重视白人,同时扭曲了世界的图像,以裨益当时殖民地主子"的麦卡托地图为主。

这种非洲与南美洲巨大得有点像"潮湿、破旧的冬天长内裤,吊在北极圈风干"的新奇地图立刻得到了在各种媒体的广泛声援与公众的狂热支持,彼时盛况可比今日我国媒体的那几声"世界地图错得离谱"的吆喝壮观多了。
△声名狼藉的阿诺·彼得斯。
这种非洲与南美洲巨大得有点像"潮湿、破旧的冬天长内裤,吊在北极圈风干"的新奇地图立刻得到了在各种媒体的广泛声援与公众的狂热支持,彼时盛况可比今日我国媒体的那几声"世界地图错得离谱"的吆喝壮观多了。

彼得斯地图成为了以后二十年间最畅销的世界地图,连联合国儿童基金会(图7)都狂印了六千万份,并专门为之提出了"崭新尺度,公平环境"的响亮口号。在1989年出版的《彼得斯世界地图集》也已经至少在全球分发了八千多万份。这个数字还只是分发出去的。

最可笑的是,本世纪初,美剧史上最成功的剧集《白宫风云》中虚构了一个"制图师追求社会平等组织"。该组织的宗旨就是"支持立法规定美国每一所公立学校必须用彼得斯投影地图来教授地理"。在该剧播出的同时,彼得斯世界地图的销量骤升整整五倍。
△美剧《白宫风云》第2季16级,就是那神之一集。。。
《白宫风云》上映这么早真是可惜了。由那篇伪科普文章在天朝带来的轰动效应来看,若是跟上了《越狱》引发的美剧浪潮,加上如今充斥着各种伪科普和心灵鸡汤的微信朋友圈推波助澜,彼得斯地图销量再翻上十倍,怕也不是什么难事。

任何稍知制图学的人都会晓得,这种"诚实"反映了格陵兰和俄罗斯大小的等面积投影图,几乎全盘扭曲了所有地区的形状。彼得斯坚称这种投影法是自己的原创,但实际上,他是剽窃百余年前的英国牧师——詹姆斯·高尔的发明,高尔评价自己和彼得斯几乎一模一样的地图道,这种地图上地理特征扭曲的现象比其他地图严重,但不至于扭曲到无法辨识。

对制图学史了如指掌的彼得斯不但一再声称他从来都没有听说过高尔这个人,而且拒绝承认高尔指出过的那些问题。尤为讽刺的是,彼得斯地图形状扭曲得最厉害的,恰恰是他认为因为"白人中心主义"而在以前的地图中被扭曲了大小的非洲和南美洲。 "潮湿、破旧的冬天长内裤,吊在北极圈风干"真是绝妙的讽刺。

这种印尼高度是实际高度的两倍、宽度是实际宽度的一半的"等面积投影图"的纬线误差达到了整整4公厘,以至于彼得斯根本不敢在他的地图上放上经纬线。

几乎所有专业人士都对此不屑一顾,学术界公认彼得斯地图为"一场出色的诡辩与制图欺诈","只有对制图学一知半解的人会上当,也才不会被这本地图集编织的虚伪又误导的声明激怒"。日常所用世界地图的创造者亚瑟·罗宾逊认为,彼得斯的地图"荒谬绝伦",是对包括他自己在内的几十名制图学家的"侮辱"。

如果说,几十年的时间里,没有专业知识的媒体与大众一再被这种看似"更加平等",揭示了地图秘密的地图吸引眼球是可以理解的,那格外令人困惑的则是,在这么多无法反驳的致命缺陷面前,彼得斯居然一再睁着眼睛坚称他的地图是完全正确的,取代数百年的麦卡托地图传统是应该的。

他哪来的勇气?
△彼得斯世界地图。
三、 一个共产主义者"作为一种公共领导手段的地图"阴谋

他的勇气当然完全不来自于公众与舆论其实并不了解,也没有实质兴趣的制图与投影法。

彼得斯的专业是电影制作,他在德国渡过了他的青年时代,随后赴美留学并一直定居在美国。他的博士毕业论文题目非常可笑——《作为一种公共领导手段的电影》。可笑的不是这个题目本身,而是见证过战时纳粹宣传的彼得斯太深刻地了解地图是怎么被政治操弄的了。于是,他也身体力行地进行了一项"作为一种公共领导手段的地图"的事业。

首先,也就是50年代初,彼得斯以独立学者的身份接受德国地方政府和美国军方的资助,撰写了一本在民主德国和联邦德国都可以使用的全球史教科书——《同步观世界史》。

彼得斯撰写的方法可谓令人瞠目结舌——一直抱怨过往的世界史只关注欧洲,而忽略了"人居世界的其他十分之九的地区"的彼得斯试图对历史的每个片段都给予平等的分量,于是他放弃了文字叙述,而是使用了一系列图标平等描述所有时间段和地区的历史,于是,彼得斯说,"我拿出一张白纸,首先为时间设定比例。每一年是一条1厘米宽的垂直窄条,于是时间的地图就诞生了"。

美国最著名的右派杂志之一《自由人》刊登了地图学史上的名文《官方错误咨询》,忿忿不平地叙述了关于彼得斯的一件往事:美国官员"以将该国民主化这个值得喝彩的动机",委托彼得斯夫妇撰写他们的世界史,不过直到在这个计划投入四万七千六百美元后,才赫然发现本书的两位作者是共产党员,而且这本书本身是亲共、反民主、反天主教及反犹太。美国纳税人因为不忠而无能的官员用他们的资金资助敌人宣传而深受伤害,这帮人用他们的钱去资助敌人的宣传。

如果说历史是关于时间,彼得斯认为他的《同步观世界史》已经完成了这项主题的话,再接下来的"学术"生涯里,他把自己全部的精力都投入到了关乎空间的制图学上。他认为,"在我为我的同步世界史准备附带一卷地图集时,我清楚地意识到,现有的全球地图都无法客观再现历史局势和事件。在探寻傲慢和仇外的原因时,我不断被引致全球地图身上,他们要为人们从自己的立场看世界并形成对世界的印象负主要责任"。

由此,以一种对于世界历史的不公正和憎恨为引子,他哗众取宠地提出了地图的五项关键数学特质:面积,轴线,位置,比例尺和比例的保真度,并前无古人地提出了一个玩笑般的标准:五项要素中,面积是最重要的,因为"只有任何两块选定地区之间的比例都要与他们在地球上的实际比例相符,才可能得到地球上各大洲面积的真实比例"。

于是,他给历史上所有的世界地图打分,除了他自己的是满分,其他所有的地图都几乎不及格。

四、地图的阿喀琉斯之踵:政治、财富与野心的权力游戏

太明显了,彼得斯根本就不是在做地图,而是借着地图进行他的政治宣传。政治权利从来都在任意利用地图的技艺,就连看起来完全客观平等的Google地图也未能例外。
△谷歌地图:谷歌和美国所代表的信息资本主义的强大辐射力,显现出当代数字地图技术对现代人世界观、民族观的塑造与影响能力
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正如张杰在《地图上消失的巴基斯坦:谷歌地图的圈地运动》一文所说的那样,"谷歌地图悄悄移除了巴勒斯坦一事引发从巴勒斯坦到西方社交媒体上持续的抗议。事实上,这已经不是谷歌地图第一次引发地缘政治的纠纷。2006年,谷歌地图因将一个阿拉伯村庄标记为以色列城市而遭到一名巴勒斯坦用户的诉讼;2012年,谷歌把举世皆知的波斯湾标记为阿拉伯湾遭到伊朗数千人抗议……

显然,这些数据信息背后是鲜明的政治立场和对世界秩序的维护。谷歌和美国所代表的信息资本主义的强大辐射力,显现出当代数字地图技术对现代人世界观、民族观的塑造与影响能力,以及"公平、平等、真实"之理想下所包裹的日趋隐蔽的政治功能"。

在这点上,Google地图与彼得斯地图没有区别。恰如当今最卓越的地图学家之一、现有关于地图最好的BBC纪录片——《地图:权利、掠夺和占有》的主持人、男神学者——杰里·布罗顿(Jerry Brotton)在其名著《十二幅地图中的世界史》中所说,"每幅地图都是制图者和使用者持续不断进行博弈、协调的结果,而他们对世界的理解也在不断发生改变。"
△BBC最好的关于地图的纪录片——《地图:权利、掠夺和占有》与男神级的主持人,杰里·布罗顿。

这,就是地图最大的秘密,是地图的阿喀琉斯之踵。

英文中的"map"来源于拉丁文中的"mappa",它的衍生词汇渗入几乎所有现代欧洲语言中,产生过不下300种含义。但如今,地图学家则普遍认为"地图是一种图像表达,帮助人们以空间方式理解人类世界中的事物、概念、状况、过程或事件"。狭隘的几何学定义被彻底舍弃。

"世界"是一个人造的、社会性的概念,世界并不仅仅是指称地图上的整个物理空间,而是代表着一系列组成文化或个人"世界观"的想法和信念总和。而对历史上的众多文化而言,地图一直是表达他们世界观的最完美工具。
《十二幅地图中的世界史》:测绘学里的帝国文明,制图术中的权力游戏。

所有的地图就其本质意义上,都是制图者自身理念与信仰的产物。制图者和使用者持续不断进行协调,他们对世界的理解也不断随之发生改变。面对赞助者、消费者和产生地图的世界本身,相互竞争的利益错综复杂,世界地图永远处于一个不间断的生成过程之中。

地图会通过类比来操控:地图上表示道路的符号与道路本身毫无相似之处,但看地图的人们却会渐渐接受这个符号就像一条路。地图不是在模仿世界,而是发展出约定俗成的符号标记,让我们渐渐习惯于接受这些符号就代表了其所展现的事物,而事实上它们根本无法再现。只有一种地图能够完全再现其所描绘的疆土,那便是纯属多余的一比一比例尺的地图。

地图从不是单纯地反映世界,更是对世界的一份建议。于是,杰里·布罗顿以他令人惊叹的博学,为我们绘制了一幅关于地图的地图。在这张类似黄道十二宫的"地图"中,读者可以依据自己的喜好,从任何一处路标进入。它们首尾相接,在地球上空11000公里处拍摄的谷歌地球与2500年前的巴比伦世界地图相比,除了更为精确的投影方法与它们背后全然不同的精彩故事有所不同,实质上都是人类对于理解世界与自身的尝试,只是维系着不同的历史与文化,正如巴比伦世界地图绝非起点一样,直接导致亚马逊原始部落受到了毁灭性打击的谷歌地图,也绝不是终点。

在这张"地图的地图"的任何一片区域里,都布满了密密麻麻的羊肠小径,充斥着琳琅满目的金银宝玉,美不胜收。通过解读这些地图背后的观念和动机,制图师所处时代的整个风尚与精神变得如此清晰明了。科学、交流、信仰、帝国、发现、全球主义、宽容、金钱、国家、地缘政治、平等与信息,世界史几乎所有至关紧要的主题就这样展现在了我们眼前。

我们不能不依靠地图来了解世界,却又无法用地图完美地再现世界。地图所维系的,除了几何学的发展与人类对真理、艺术、公正的追求,更有政治、权力、财富、欲望的投射。

杰里·布罗顿带给我们的,是双地图之眼,恰如地图带给我们的,是双历史之眼一样。

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Sunday, August 21, 2016

Folding Beijing - Uncanny Magazine


Folding Beijing

by Hao Jingfang, translated by Ken Liu

At ten of five in the morning, Lao Dao crossed the busy pedestrian lane on his way to find Peng Li.

After the end of his shift at the waste processing station, Lao Dao had gone home, first to shower and then to change. He was wearing a white shirt and a pair of brown pants—the only decent clothes he owned. The shirt's cuffs were frayed, so he rolled them up to his elbows. Lao Dao was forty–eight, single, and long past the age when he still took care of his appearance. As he had no one to pester him about the domestic details, he had simply kept this outfit for years. Every time he wore it, he'd come home afterward, take off the shirt and pants, and fold them up neatly to put away. Working at the waste processing station meant there were few occasions that called for the outfit, save a wedding now and then for a friend's son or daughter.

Today, however, he was apprehensive about meeting strangers without looking at least somewhat respectable. After five hours at the waste processing station, he also had misgivings about how he smelled.

People who had just gotten off work filled the road. Men and women crowded every street vendor, picking through local produce and bargaining loudly. Customers packed the plastic tables at the food hawker stalls, which were immersed in the aroma of frying oil. They ate heartily with their faces buried in bowls of hot and sour rice noodles, their heads hidden by clouds of white steam. Other stands featured mountains of jujubes and walnuts, and hunks of cured meat swung overhead. This was the busiest hour of the day—work was over, and everyone was hungry and loud.

Lao Dao squeezed through the crowd slowly. A waiter carrying dishes shouted and pushed his way through the throng. Lao Dao followed close behind.

Peng Li lived some ways down the lane. Lao Dao climbed the stairs but Peng wasn't home. A neighbor said that Peng usually didn't return until right before market closing time, but she didn't know exactly when.

Lao Dao became anxious. He glanced down at his watch: Almost 5:00 AM.

He went back downstairs to wait at the entrance of the apartment building. A group of hungry teenagers squatted around him, devouring their food. He recognized two of them because he remembered meeting them a couple of times at Peng Li's home. Each kid had a plate of chow mein or chow fun, and they shared two dishes family–style. The dishes were a mess while pairs of chopsticks continued to search for elusive, overlooked bits of meat amongst the chopped peppers. Lao Dao sniffed his forearms again to be sure that the stench of garbage was off of him. The noisy, quotidian chaos around him assured him with its familiarity.

"Listen, do you know how much they charge for an order of twice–cooked pork over there?" a boy named Li asked.

"Fuck! I just bit into some sand," a heavyset kid named Ding said while covering his mouth with one hand, which had very dirty fingernails. "We need to get our money back from the vendor!"

Li ignored him. "Three hundred and forty yuan!" said Li. "You hear that? Three forty! For twice–cooked pork! And for boiled beef? Four hundred and twenty!"

"How could the prices be so expensive?" Ding mumbled as he clutched his cheek. "What do they put in there?"

The other two youths weren't interested in the conversation and concentrated on shoveling food from the plate into the mouth. Li watched them, and his yearning gaze seemed to go through them and focus on something beyond.

Lao Dao's stomach growled. He quickly averted his eyes, but it was too late. His empty stomach felt like an abyss that made his body tremble. It had been a month since he last had a morning meal. He used to spend about a hundred each day on this meal, which translated to three thousand for the month. If he could stick to his plan for a whole year, he'd be able to save enough to afford two months of tuition for Tangtang's kindergarten.

He looked into the distance: The trucks of the city cleaning crew were approaching slowly.

He began to steel himself. If Peng Li didn't return in time, he would have to go on this journey without consulting him. Although it would make the trip far more difficult and dangerous, time was of the essence and he had to go. The loud chants of the woman next to him hawking her jujube interrupted his thoughts and gave him a headache. The peddlers at the other end of the road began to pack up their wares, and the crowd, like fish in a pond disturbed by a stick, dispersed. No one was interested in fighting the city cleaning crew. As the vendors got out of the way, the cleaning trucks patiently advanced. Vehicles were normally not allowed in the pedestrian lane, but the cleaning trucks were an exception. Anybody who dilly–dallied would be packed up by force.

Finally, Peng Li appeared: His shirt unbuttoned, a toothpick dangling between his lips, strolling leisurely and burping from time to time. Now in his sixties, Peng had become lazy and slovenly. His cheeks drooped like the jowls of a Shar–Pei, giving him the appearance of being perpetually grumpy. Looking at him now, one might get the impression that he was a loser whose only ambition in life was a full belly. However, even as a child, Lao Dao had heard his father recounting Peng Li's exploits when he had been a young man.

Lao Dao went up to meet Peng in the street. Before Peng Li could greet him, Lao Dao blurted out, "I don't have time to explain, but I need to get to First Space. Can you tell me how?"

Peng Li was stunned. It had been ten years since anyone brought up First Space with him. He held the remnant of the toothpick in his fingers—it had broken between his teeth without his being aware of it. For some seconds, he said nothing, but then he saw the anxiety on Lao Dao's face and dragged him toward the apartment building. "Come into my place and let's talk. You have to start from there anyway to get to where you want to go."

The city cleaning crew was almost upon them, and the crowd scattered like autumn leaves in a wind. "Go home! Go home! The Change is about to start," someone called from atop one of the trucks.

Peng Li took Lao Dao upstairs into his apartment. His ordinary, single–occupancy public housing unit was sparsely furnished: Six square meters in area, a washroom, a cooking corner, a table and a chair, a cocoon–bed equipped with storage drawers underneath for clothes and miscellaneous items. The walls were covered with water stains and footprints, bare save for a few haphazardly installed hooks for jackets, pants, and linens. Once he entered, Peng took all the clothes and towels off the wall–hooks and stuffed them into one of the drawers. During the Change, nothing was supposed to be unsecured. Lao Dao had once lived in a single–occupancy unit just like this one. As soon as he entered, he felt the flavor of the past hanging in the air.

Peng Li glared at Lao Dao. "I'm not going to show you the way unless you tell me why."

It was already five thirty. Lao Dao had only half an hour left.

Lao Dao gave him the bare outlines of the story: Picking up the bottle with a message inside; hiding in the trash chute; being entrusted with the errand in Second Space; making his decision and coming here for guidance. He had so little time that he had to leave right away.

"You hid in the trash chutes last night to sneak into Second Space?" Peng Li frowned. "That means you had to wait twenty–four hours!"

"For two hundred thousand yuan?" Lao Dao said, "Even hiding for a week would be worth it."

"I didn't know you were so short on money."

Lao Dao was silent for a moment. "Tangtang is going to be old enough for kindergarten in a year. I've run out of time."

Lao Dao's research on kindergarten tuition had shocked him. For schools with decent reputations, the parents had to show up with their bedrolls and line up a couple of days before registration. The two parents had to take turns so that while one held their place in the line, the other could go to the bathroom or grab a bite to eat. Even after lining up for forty–plus hours, a place wasn't guaranteed. Those with enough money had already bought up most of the openings for their offspring, so the poorer parents had to endure the line, hoping to grab one of the few remaining spots. Mind you, this was just for decent schools. The really good schools? Forget about lining up—every opportunity was sold off to those with money. Lao Dao didn't harbor unrealistic hopes, but Tangtang had loved music since she was an eighteen–month–old. Every time she heard music in the streets, her face lit up and she twisted her little body and waved her arms about in a dance. She looked especially cute during those moments. Lao Dao was dazzled as though surrounded by stage lights. No matter how much it cost, he vowed to send Tangtang to a kindergarten that offered music and dance lessons.

Peng Li took off his shirt and washed while he spoke with Lao Dao. The "washing" consisted only of splashing some drops of water over his face because the water was already shut off and only a thin trickle came out of the faucet. Peng Li took down a dirty towel from the wall and wiped his face carelessly before stuffing the towel into a drawer as well. His moist hair gave off an oily glint.

"What are you working so hard for?" Peng Li asked. "It's not like she's your real daughter."

"I don't have time for this," Lao Dao said. "Just tell me the way."

Peng Li sighed. "Do you understand that if you're caught, it's not just a matter of paying a fine? You're going to be locked up for months."

"I thought you had gone there multiple times."

"Just four times. I got caught the fifth time."

"That's more than enough. If I could make it four times, it would be no big deal to get caught once."

Lao Dao's errand required him to deliver a message to First Space—success would earn him a hundred thousand yuan, and if he managed to bring back a reply, two hundred thousand. Sure, it was illegal, but no one would be harmed, and as long as he followed the right route and method, the probability of being caught wasn't great. And the cash, the cash was very real. He could think of no reason to not take up the offer. He knew that when Peng Li was younger, he had snuck into First Space multiple times to smuggle contraband and made quite a fortune. There was a way.

It was a quarter to six. He had to get going, now.

Peng Li sighed again. He could see it was useless to try to dissuade Lao Dao. He was old enough to feel lazy and tired of everything, but he remembered how he had felt as a younger man and he would have made the same choice as Lao Dao. Back then, he didn't care about going to prison. What was the big deal? You lost a few months and got beaten up a few times, but the money made it worthwhile. As long as you refused to divulge the source of the money no matter how much you suffered, you could survive it. The Security Bureau's citation was nothing more than routine enforcement.

Peng Li took Lao Dao to his back window and pointed at the narrow path hidden in the shadows below.

"Start by climbing down the drain pipe from my unit. Under the felt cloth you'll find hidden footholds I installed back in the day—if you stick close enough to the wall, the cameras won't see you. Once you're on the ground, stick to the shadows and head that way until you get to the edge. You'll feel as well as see the cleft. Follow the cleft and go north. Remember, go north."

Then Peng Li explained the technique for entering First Space as the ground turned during the Change. He had to wait until the ground began to cleave and rise. Then, from the elevated edge, he had to swing over and scramble about fifty meters over the cross section until he reached the other side of the turning earth, climb over, and head east. There, he would find a bush that he could hold onto as the ground descended and closed up. He could then conceal himself in the bush. Before Peng had even finished his explanation, Lao Dao was already halfway out the window, getting ready to climb down.

Peng Li held onto Lao Dao and made sure his foot was securely in the first foothold. Then he stopped. "I'm going to say something that you might not want to hear. I don't think you should go. Over there … is not so great. If you go, you'll end up feeling your own life is shit, pointless."

Lao Dao was reaching down with his other foot, testing for the next foothold. His body strained against the windowsill and his words came out labored. "It doesn't matter. I already know my life is shit without having gone there."

"Take care of yourself," Peng Li said.

Lao Dao followed Peng Li's directions and groped his way down as quickly as he dared; the footholds felt very secure. He looked up and saw Peng Li light up a cigarette next to the window, taking deep drags. Peng Li put out the cigarette, leaned out, and seemed about to say something more, but ultimately he retreated back into his unit quietly. He closed his window, which glowed with a faint light.

Lao Dao imagined Peng Li crawling into his cocoon–bed at the last minute, right before the Change. Like millions of others across the city, the cocoon–bed would release a soporific gas that put him into deep sleep. He would feel nothing as his body was transported by the flipping world, and he would not open his eyes again until tomorrow evening, forty–hours later. Peng Li was no longer young; he was no longer different from the other fifty million who lived in Third Space.

Lao Dao climbed faster, barely touching the footholds. When he was close enough to the ground, he let go and landed on all fours. Luckily, Peng Li's unit was only on the fourth story, not too far up. He got up and ran through the shadow cast by the building next to the lake. He saw the crevice in the grass where the ground would open up.

But before he reached it, he heard the muffled rumbling from behind him, interrupted by a few crisp clangs. Lao Dao turned around and saw Peng Li's building break in half. The top half folded down and pressed toward him, slowly but inexorably.

Shocked, Lao Dao stared at the sight for a few moments before recovering. He raced to the fissure in the ground, and lay prostrate next to it.

The Change began. This was a process repeated every twenty–four hours. The whole world started to turn. The sound of steel and masonry folding, grating, colliding filled the air, like an assembly line grinding to a halt. The towering buildings of the city gathered and merged into solid blocks; neon signs, shop awnings, balconies, and other protruding fixtures retracted into the buildings or flattened themselves into a thin layer against the walls, like skin. Every inch of space was utilized as the buildings compacted themselves into the smallest space.

The ground rose up. Lao Dao watched and waited until the fissure was wide enough. He crawled over the marble–lined edge onto the earthen wall, grabbing onto bits of metal protruding out of the soil. As the cleft widened and the walls elevated, he climbed, using his hands as well as feet. At first, he was climbing down, testing for purchase with his feet. But soon, as the entire section of ground rotated, he was lifted into the air, and up and down flipped around.

Lao Dao was thinking about last night.

He had cautiously stuck his head out of the trash heap, alert for any sound from the other side of the gate. The fermenting, rotting garbage around him was pungent: Greasy, fishy, even a bit sweet. He leaned against the iron gate. Outside, the world was waking up.

As soon as the yellow glow of the streetlights seeped into the seam under the lifting gate, he squatted and crawled out of the widening opening. The streets were empty; lights came on in the tall buildings, story by story; fixtures extruded from the sides of buildings, unfolding and extending, segment by segment; porches emerged from the walls; the eaves rotated and gradually dropped down into position; stairs extended and descended to the street. On both sides of the road, one black cube after another broke apart and opened, revealing the racks and shelves inside. Signboards emerged from the tops of the cubes and connected together while plastic awnings extended from both sides of the lane to meet in the middle, forming a corridor of shops. The streets were empty, as though Lao Dao were dreaming.

The neon lights came on. Tiny flashing LEDs on top of the shops formed into characters advertising jujubes from Xinjiang, lapi noodles from Northeast China, bran dough from Shanghai, and cured meats from Hunan.

For the rest of the day, Lao Dao couldn't forget the scene. He had lived in this city for forty–eight years, but he had never seen such a sight. His days had always started with the cocoon and ended with the cocoon, and the time in between was spent at work or navigating dirty tables at hawker stalls and loudly bargaining crowds surrounding street vendors. This was the first time he had seen the world, bare.

Every morning, an observer at some distance from the city—say, a truck driver waiting on the highway into Beijing—could see the entire city fold and unfold.

At six in the morning, the truck drivers usually got out of their cabs and walked to the side of the highway, where they rubbed their eyes, still drowsy after an uncomfortable night in the truck. Yawning, they greeted each other and gazed at the distant city center. The break in the highway was just outside the Seventh Ring Road, while all the ground rotation occurred within the Sixth Ring Road. The distance was perfect for taking in the whole city, like gazing at an island in the sea.

In the early dawn, the city folded and collapsed. The skyscrapers bowed submissively like the humblest servants until their heads touched their feet; then they broke again, folded again, and twisted their necks and arms, stuffing them into the gaps. The compacted blocks that used to be the skyscrapers shuffled and assembled into dense, gigantic Rubik's Cubes that fell into a deep slumber.

The ground then began to turn. Square by square, pieces of the earth flipped 180 degrees around an axis, revealing the buildings on the other side. The buildings unfolded and stood up, awakening like a herd of beasts under the gray–blue sky. The island that was the city settled in the orange sunlight, spread open, and stood still as misty gray clouds roiled around it.

The truck drivers, tired and hungry, admired the endless cycle of urban renewal.

The folding city was divided into three spaces. One side of the earth was First Space, population five million. Their allotted time lasted from six o'clock in the morning to six o'clock the next morning. Then the space went to sleep, and the earth flipped.

The other side was shared by Second Space and Third Space. Twenty–five million people lived in Second Space, and their allotted time lasted from six o'clock on that second day to ten o'clock at night. Fifty million people lived in Third Space, allotted the time from ten o'clock at night to six o'clock in the morning, at which point First Space returned. Time had been carefully divided and parceled out to separate the populations: Five million enjoyed the use of twenty–four hours, and seventy–five million enjoyed the next twenty–four hours.

The structures on two sides of the ground were not even in weight. To remedy the imbalance, the earth was made thicker in First Space, and extra ballast buried in the soil to make up for the missing people and buildings. The residents of First Space considered the extra soil a natural emblem of their possession of a richer, deeper heritage.

Lao Dao had lived in Third Space since birth. He understood very well the reality of his situation, even without Peng Li pointing it out. He was a waste worker; he had processed trash for twenty–eight years, and would do so for the foreseeable future. He had not found the meaning of his existence or the ultimate refuge of cynicism; instead, he continued to hold onto the humble place assigned to him in life.

Lao Dao had been born in Beijing. His father was also a waste worker. His father told him that when Lao Dao was born, his father had just gotten his job, and the family had celebrated for three whole days. His father had been a construction worker, one of millions of other construction workers who had come to Beijing from all over China in search of work. His father and others like him had built this folding city. District by district, they had transformed the old city. Like termites swarming over a wooden house, they had chewed up the wreckage of the past, overturned the earth, and constructed a brand new world. They had swung their hammers and wielded their adzes, keeping their heads down; brick by brick, they had walled themselves off until they could no longer see the sky. Dust had obscured their views, and they had not known the grandeur of their work. Finally, when the completed building stood up before them like a living person, they had scattered in terror, as though they had given birth to a monster. But after they calmed down, they realized what an honor it would be to live in such a city in the future, and so they had continued to toil diligently and docilely, to meekly seek out any opportunity to remain in the city. It was said that when the folding city was completed, more than eighty million construction workers had wanted to stay. Ultimately, no more than twenty million were allowed to settle.

It had not been easy to get a job at the waste processing station. Although the work only involved sorting trash, so many applied that stringent selection criteria had to be imposed: The desired candidates had to be strong, skillful, discerning, organized, diligent, and unafraid of the stench or difficult environment. Strong–willed, Lao Dao's father had held fast onto the thin reed of opportunity as the tide of humanity surged and then receded around him, until he found himself a survivor on the dry beach.

His father had then kept his head down and labored away in the acidic rotten fetor of garbage and crowding for twenty years. He had built this city; he was also a resident and a decomposer.

Construction of the folding city had been completed two years before Lao Dao's birth. He had never been anywhere else, and had never harbored the desire to go anywhere else. He finished elementary school, middle school, high school, and took the annual college entrance examination three times—failing each time. In the end, he became a waste worker, too. At the waste processing station, he worked for five hours each shift, from eleven at night to four in the morning. Together with tens of thousands of co–workers, he mechanically and quickly sorted through the trash, picking out recyclable bits from the scraps of life from First Space and Second Space and tossing them into the processing furnace. Every day, he faced the trash on the conveyer belt flowing past him like a river, and he scraped off the leftover food from plastic bowls, picked out broken glass bottles, tore off the clean, thin backing from blood–stained sanitary napkins, stuffing it into the recyclables can marked with green lines. This was their lot: to eke out a living by performing the repetitive drudgery as fast as possible, to toil hour after hour for rewards as thin as the wings of cicadas.

Twenty million waste workers lived in Third Space; they were the masters of the night. The other thirty million made a living by selling clothes, food, fuel, or insurance, but most people understood that the waste workers were the backbone of Third Space's prosperity. Each time he strolled through the neon–bedecked night streets, Lao Dao thought he was walking under rainbows made of food scraps. He couldn't talk about this feeling with others. The younger generation looked down on the profession of the waste worker. They tried to show off on the dance floors of nightclubs, hoping to find jobs as DJs or dancers. Even working at a clothing store seemed a better choice: their fingers would be touching thin fabric instead of scrabbling through rotting garbage for plastic or metal. The young were no longer so terrified about survival; they cared far more about appearances.

Lao Dao didn't despise his work. But when he had gone to Second Space, he had been terrified of being despised.

The previous morning, Lao Dao had snuck his way out of the trash chute with a slip of paper and tried to find the author of the slip based on the address written on it.

Second Space wasn't far from Third Space. They were located on the same side of the ground, though they were divided in time. At the Change, the buildings of one space folded and retracted into the ground as the buildings of another space extended into the air, segment by segment, using the tops of the buildings of the other space as its foundation. The only difference between the spaces was the density of buildings. Lao Dao had to wait a full day and night inside the trash chute for the opportunity to emerge as Second Space unfolded. Although this was the first time he had been to Second Space, he wasn't anxious. He only worried about the rotting smell on him.

Luckily, Qin Tian was a generous soul. Perhaps he had been prepared for what sort of person would show up since the moment he put that slip of paper inside the bottle.

Qin Tian was very kind. He knew at a glance why Lao Dao had come. He pulled him inside his home, offered him a hot bath, and gave him one of his own bathrobes to wear. "I have to count on you," Qin Tian said.

Qin was a graduate student living in a university–owned apartment. He had three roommates, and besides the four bedrooms, the apartment had a kitchen and two bathrooms. Lao Dao had never taken a bath in such a spacious bathroom, and he really wanted to soak for a while and get rid of the smell on his body. But he was also afraid of getting the bathtub dirty and didn't dare to rub his skin too hard with the washcloth. The jets of bubbles coming out of the bathtub walls startled him, and being dried by hot jets of air made him uncomfortable. After the bath, he picked up the bathrobe from Qin Tian and only put it on after hesitating for a while. He laundered his own clothes, as well as a few other shirts casually left in a basin. Business was business, and he didn't want to owe anyone any favors.

Qin Tian wanted to send a gift to a woman he liked. They had gotten to know each other from work when Qin Tian had been given the opportunity to go to First Space for an internship with the UN Economic Office, where she was also working. The internship had lasted only a month. Qin told Lao Dao that the young woman was born and bred in First Space, with very strict parents. Her father wouldn't allow her to date a boy from Second Space, and that was why he couldn't contact her through regular channels. Qin was optimistic about the future; he was going to apply to the UN's New Youth Project after graduation, and if he were to be chosen, he would be able to go to work in First Space. He still had another year of school left before he would get his degree, but he was going crazy pining for her. He had made a rose–shaped locket for her that glowed in the dark: This was the gift he would use to ask for her hand in marriage.

"I was attending a symposium, you know, the one that discussed the UN's debt situation? You must have heard of it… anyway, I saw her, and I was like, Ah! I went over right away to talk to her. She was helping the VIPs to their seats, and I didn't know what to say, so I just followed her around. Finally, I pretended that I had to find interpreters, and I asked her to help me. She was so gentle, and her voice was really soft. I had never really asked a girl out, you understand, so I was super nervous… Later, after we started dating, I brought up how we met… Why are you laughing? Yes, we dated. No, I don't think we quite got to that kind of relationship, but… well, we kissed." Qin Tian laughed as well, a bit embarrassed. "I'm telling the truth! Don't you believe me? Yes, I guess sometimes even I can't believe it. Do you think she really likes me?"

"I have no idea," Lao Dao said. "I've never met her."

One of Qin Tian's roommates came over, and smiling, said, "Uncle, why are you taking his question so seriously? That's not a real question. He just wants to hear you say, 'Of course she loves you! You're so handsome.'"

"She must be beautiful."

"I'm not afraid that you'll laugh at me." Qin Tian paced back and forth in front of Lao Dao. "When you see her, you'll understand the meaning of 'peerless elegance.'"

Qin Tian stopped, sinking into a reverie. He was thinking of Yi Yan's mouth. Her mouth was perhaps his favorite part of her: So tiny, so smooth, with a full bottom lip that glowed with a natural, healthy pink, making him want to give it a loving bite. Her neck also aroused him. Sometimes it appeared so thin that the tendons showed, but the lines were straight and pretty. The skin was fair and smooth, extending down into the collar of her blouse so that his gaze lingered on her second button. The first time he tried to kiss her, she had moved her lips away shyly. He had persisted until she gave in, closing her eyes and returning the kiss. Her lips had felt so soft, and his hands had caressed the curve of her waist and backside, again and again. From that day on, he had lived in the country of longing. She was his dream at night, and also the light he saw when he trembled in his own hand.

Qin Tian's roommate was called Zhang Xian, who seemed to relish the opportunity to converse with Lao Dao.

Zhang Xian asked Lao Dao about life in Third Space, and mentioned that he actually wanted to live in Third Space for a while. He had been given the advice that if he wanted to climb up the ladder of government administration, some managerial experience in Third Space would be very helpful. Several prominent officials had all started their careers as Third Space administrators before being promoted to First Space. If they had stayed in Second Space, they wouldn't have gone anywhere and would have spent the rest of their careers as low–level administrative cadres. Zhang Xian's ambition was to eventually enter government service, and he was certain he knew the right path. Still, he wanted to go work at a bank for a couple of years first and earn some quick money. Since Lao Dao seemed noncommittal about his plans, Zhang Xian thought Lao Dao disapproved of his careerism.

"The current government is too inefficient and ossified," he added quickly, "slow to respond to challenges, and I don't see much hope for systematic reform. When I get my opportunity, I'll push for rapid reforms: Anyone who's incompetent will be fired." Since Lao Dao still didn't seem to show much reaction, he added, "I'll also work to expand the pool of candidates for government service and promotion, including opening up opportunities for candidates from Third Space."

Lao Dao said nothing. It wasn't because he disapproved; rather, he found it hard to believe Zhang Xian.

While he talked with Lao Dao, Zhang Xian was also putting on a tie and fixing his hair in front of the mirror. He had on a shirt with light blue stripes, and the tie was a bright blue. He closed his eyes and frowned as the mist of hairspray settled around his face, whistling all the while.

Zhang Xian left with his briefcase for his internship at the bank. Qin Tian said he had to get going as well since he had classes that would last until four in the afternoon. Before he left, he transferred fifty thousand yuan over the net to Lao Dao's account while Lao Dao watched, and explained that he would transfer the rest after Lao Dao succeeded in his mission.

"Have you been saving up for this for a while?" Lao Dao asked. "You're a student, so money is probably tight. I can accept less if necessary."

"Don't worry about it. I'm on a paid internship with a financial advisory firm. They pay me around a hundred thousand each month, so the total I'm promising you is about two months of my salary. I can afford it."

Lao Dao said nothing. He earned the standard salary of ten thousand each month.

"Please bring back her answer," Qin Tian said.

"I'll do my best."

"Help yourself to the fridge if you get hungry. Just stay put here and wait for the Change."

Lao Dao looked outside the window. He couldn't get used to the sunlight, which was a bright white, not the yellow he was used to. The street seemed twice as wide in the sun as what Lao Dao remembered from Third Space, and he wasn't sure if that was a visual illusion. The buildings here weren't nearly as tall as buildings in Third Space. The sidewalks were filled with people walking very fast, and from time to time, some trotted and tried to shove their way through the crowd, causing those in front of them to begin running as well. Everyone seemed to run across intersections. The men dressed mostly in western suits while the women wore blouses and short skirts, with scarves around their necks and compact, rigid purses in their hands that lent them an air of competence and efficiency. The street was filled with cars, and as they waited at intersections for the light to change, the drivers stuck their heads out of the windows, gazing ahead anxiously. Lao Dao had never seen so many cars; he was used to the mass–transit maglev packed with passengers whooshing by him.

Around noon, he heard noises in the hallway outside the apartment. Lao Dao peeked out of the peephole in the door. The floor of the hallway had transformed into a moving conveyor belt, and bags of trash left at the door of each apartment were shoved onto the conveyor belt to be deposited into the chute at the end. Mist filled the hall, turning into soap bubbles that drifted through the air, and then water washed the floor, followed by hot steam.

A noise from behind Lao Dao startled him. He turned around and saw that another of Qin Tian's roommates had emerged from his bedroom. The young man ignored Lao Dao, his face impassive. He went to some machine next to the balcony and pushed some buttons, and the machine came to life, popping, whirring, grinding. Eventually, the noise stopped, and Lao Dao smelled something delicious. The young man took out a piping hot plate of food from the machine and returned to his room. Through the half–open bedroom door, Lao Dao could see that the young man was sitting on the floor in a pile of blankets and dirty socks, and staring at his wall as he ate and laughed, pushing up his glasses from time to time. After he was done eating, he left the plate at his feet, stood up, and began to fight someone invisible as he faced the wall. He struggled, his breathing labored, as he wrestled the unseen enemy.

Lao Dao's last memory of Second Space was the refined air with which everyone conducted themselves before the Change. Looking down from the window of the apartment, everything seemed so orderly that he felt a hint of envy. Starting at a quarter past nine, the stores along the street turned off their lights one after another; groups of friends, their faces red with drink, said goodbye in front of restaurants. Young couples kissed next to taxicabs. And then everyone returned to their homes, and the world went to sleep.

It was ten at night. He returned to his world to go to work.

There was no trash chute connecting First Space directly with Third Space. The trash from First Space had to pass through a set of metal gates to be transported into Third Space, and the gates shut as soon as the trash went through. Lao Dao didn't like the idea of having to go over the flipping ground, but he had no choice.

As the wind whipped around him, he crawled up the still–rotating earth toward First Space. He grabbed onto metal structural elements protruding from the soil, struggling to balance his body and calm his heart, until he finally managed to scrabble over the rim of this most distant world. He felt dizzy and nauseated from the intense climb, and forcing down his churning stomach, he remained still on the ground for a while.

By the time he got up, the sun had risen.

Lao Dao had never seen such a sight. The sun rose gradually. The sky was a deep and pure azure, with an orange fringe at the horizon, decorated with slanted, thin wisps of cloud. The eaves of a nearby building blocked the sun, and the eaves appeared especially dark while the background was dazzlingly bright. As the sun continued to rise, the blue of the sky faded a little, but seemed even more tranquil and clear. Lao Dao stood up and ran at the sun; he wanted to catch a trace of that fading golden color. Silhouettes of waving tree branches broke up the sky. His heart leapt wildly. He had never imagined that a sunrise could be so moving.

After a while, he slowed down and calmed himself. He was standing in the middle of the street, lined on both sides with tall trees and wide lawns. He looked around, and he couldn't see any buildings at all. Confused, he wondered if he had really reached First Space. He pondered the two rows of sturdy gingkoes.

He backed up a few steps and turned to look in the direction he had come from. There was a road sign next to the street. He took out his phone and looked at the map—although he wasn't authorized to download live maps from First Space, he had downloaded and stored some maps before leaving on this trip. He found where he was as well as where he needed to be. He was standing next to a large open park, and the seam he had emerged from was next to a lake in that park.

Lao Dan ran about a kilometer through the deserted streets until he reached the residential district containing his destination. He hid behind some bushes and observed the beautiful house from a distance.

At eight thirty, Yi Yan came out of the house.

She was indeed as elegant as Qin Tian's description had suggested, though perhaps not as pretty. Lao Dao wasn't surprised, however. No woman could possibly be as beautiful as Qin Tian's verbal portrait. He also understood why Qin Tian had spoken so much of her mouth. Her eyes and nose were fairly ordinary. She had a good figure: Tall, with delicate bones. She wore a milky white dress with a flowing skirt. Her belt was studded with pearls, and she had on black heels.

Lao Dao walked up to her. To avoid startling her, he approached from the front, and bowed deeply when he was still some distance away.

She stood still, looking at him in surprise.

Lao Dao came closer and explained his mission. He took out the envelope with the locket and Qin Tian's letter.

She looked alarmed. "Please leave," she whispered. "I can't talk to you right now."

"Uh… I don't really need to talk to you," Lao Dao said. "I just need to give you this letter."

She refused to take it from him, clasping her hands tightly. "I can't accept this now. Please leave. Really, I'm begging you. All right?" She took out a business card from her purse and handed it to him. "Come find me at this address at noon."

Lao Dao looked at the card. At the top was the name of a bank.

"At noon," she said. "Wait for me in the underground supermarket."

Lao Dao could tell how anxious she was. He nodded, put the card away, and returned to hide behind the bushes. Soon, a man emerged from the house and stopped next to her. The man looked to be about Lao Dao's age, or maybe a couple of years younger. Dressed in a dark gray, well–fitted suit, he was tall and broad–shouldered. Not fat, just thickset. His face was nondescript: Round, a pair of glasses, hair neatly combed to one side.

The man grabbed Yi Yan around the waist and kissed her on the lips. Yi Yan seemed to give in to the kiss reluctantly.

Understanding began to dawn on Lao Dao.

A single–rider cart arrived in front of the house. The black cart had two wheels and a canopy, and resembled an ancient carriage or rickshaw one might see on TV, except there was no horse or person pulling the cart. The cart stopped and dipped forward. Yi Yan stepped in, sat down, and arranged the skirt of the dress neatly around her knees. The cart straightened and began to move at a slow, steady pace, as though pulled by some invisible horse. After Yi Yan left, a driverless car arrived, and the man got in.

Lao Dao paced in place. He felt something was pushing at his throat, but he couldn't articulate it. Standing in the sun, he closed his eyes. The clean, fresh air filled his lungs and provided some measure of comfort.

A moment later, he was on his way. The address Yi Yan had given him was to the east, a little more than three kilometers away. There were very few people in the pedestrian lane, and only scattered cars sped by in a blur on the eight–lane avenue. Occasionally, well–dressed women passed Lao Dao in two–wheeled carts. The passengers adopted such graceful postures that it was as though they were in some fashion show. No one paid any attention to Lao Dao. The trees swayed in the breeze, and the air in their shade seemed suffused with the perfume from the elegant women.

Yi Yan's office was in the Xidan commercial district. There were no skyscrapers at all, only a few low buildings scattered around a large park. The buildings seemed isolated from each other but were really parts of a single compound connected via underground passages.

Lao Dao found the supermarket. He was early. As soon as he came in, a small shopping cart began to follow him around. Every time he stopped by a shelf, the screen on the cart displayed the names of the goods on the shelf, their description, customer reviews, and comparison with other brands in the same category. All merchandise in the supermarket seemed to be labeled in foreign languages. The packaging for all the food products was very refined, and small cakes and fruits were enticingly arranged on plates for customers. He didn't dare to touch anything, keeping his distance as though they were dangerous, exotic animals. There seemed to be no guards or clerks in the whole market.

More customers appeared before noon. Some men in suits came into the market, grabbed sandwiches, and waved them at the scanner next to the door before hurrying out. No one paid any attention to Lao Dao as he waited in an obscure corner near the door.

Yi Yan appeared, and Lao Dao went up to her. Yi Yan glanced around, and without saying anything, led Lao Dao to a small restaurant next door. Two small robots dressed in plaid skirts greeted them, took Yi Yan's purse, brought them to a booth, and handed them menus. Yi Yan pressed a few spots on the menu to make her selection and handed the menu back to the robot. The robot turned and glided smoothly on its wheels to the back.

Yi Yan and Lao Dao sat mutely across from each other. Lao Dao took out the envelope.

Yi Yan still didn't take it from him. "Can you let me explain?"

Lao Dao pushed the envelope across the table. "Please take this first."

Yi Yan pushed it back.

"Can you let me explain first?"

"You don't need to explain anything," Lao Dao said. "I didn't write this letter. I'm just the messenger."

"But you have to go back and give him an answer." Yi Yan looked down. The little robot returned with two plates, one for each of them. On each plate were two slices of some kind of red sashimi, arranged like flower petals. Yi Yan didn't pick up her chopsticks, and neither did Lao Dao. The envelope rested between the two plates, and neither touched it. "I didn't betray him. When I met him last year, I was already engaged. I didn't lie to him or conceal the truth from him on purpose… Well, maybe I did lie, but it was because he assumed and guessed. He saw Wu Wen come to pick me up once, and he asked me if he was my father. I… I couldn't answer him, you know? It was just too embarrassing. I…"

Yi Yan couldn't speak any more.

Lao Dao waited a while. "I'm not interested in what happened between you two. All I care about is that you take the letter."

Yi Yan kept her head down, and then she looked up. "After you go back, can you… help me by not telling him everything?"

"Why?"

"I don't want him to think that I was just playing with his feelings. I do like him, really. I feel very conflicted."

"None of this is my concern."

"Please, I'm begging you… I really do like him."

Lao Dao was silent for a while.

"But you got married in the end?"

"Wu Wen was very good to me. We'd been together several years. He knew my parents, and we'd been engaged for a long time. Also, I'm three years older than Qin Tian, and I was afraid he wouldn't like that. Qin Tian thought I was an intern, like him, and I admit that was my fault for not telling him the truth. I don't know why I said I was an intern at first, and then it became harder and harder to correct him. I never thought he would be serious."

Slowly, Yi Yan told Lao Dao her story. She was actually an assistant to the bank's president and had already been working there for two years at the time she met Qin Tian. She had been sent to the UN for training, and was helping out at the symposium. In fact, her husband earned so much money that she didn't really need to work, but she didn't like the idea of being at home all day. She worked only half days and took a half–time salary. The rest of the day was hers to do with as she pleased, and she liked learning new things and meeting new people. She really had enjoyed the months she spent training at the UN. She told Lao Dao that there were many wives like her who worked half–time. As a matter of fact, after she got off work at noon, another wealthy wife worked as the president's assistant in the afternoon. She told Lao Dao that though she had not told Qin Tian the truth, her heart was honest.

"And so"—she spooned a serving of the new hot dish onto Lao Dao's plate—"can you please not tell him, just temporarily? Please… give me a chance to explain to him myself."

Lao Dao didn't pick up his chopsticks. He was very hungry, but he felt that he could not eat this food.

"Then I'd be lying, too," Lao Dao said.

Yi Yan opened her purse, took out her wallet, and retrieved five 10,000–yuan bills. She pushed them across the table toward Lao Dao. "Please accept this token of my appreciation."

Lao Dao was stunned. He had never seen bills with such large denominations or needed to use them. Almost subconsciously, he stood up, angry. The way Yi Yan had taken out the money seemed to suggest that she had been anticipating an attempt from him to blackmail her, and he could not accept that. This is what they think of Third Spacers. He felt that if he took her money, he would be selling Qin Tian out. It was true that he really wasn't Qin Tian's friend, but he still thought of it as a kind of betrayal. Lao Dao wanted to grab the bills, throw them on the ground, and walk away. But he couldn't. He looked at the money again: The five thin notes were spread on the table like a broken fan. He could sense the power they had on him. They were baby blue in color, distinct from the brown 1,000–yuan note and the red 100–yuan note. These bills looked deeper, most distant somehow, like a kind of seduction. Several times, he wanted to stop looking at them and leave, but he couldn't.

She continued to rummage through her purse, taking everything out, until she finally found another fifty thousand yuan from an inner pocket and placed them together with the other bills. "This is all I have. Please take it and help me." She paused. "Look, the reason I don't want him to know is because I'm not sure what I'm going to do. It's possible that someday I'll have the courage to be with him."

Lao Dao looked at the ten notes spread out on the table, and then looked up at her. He sensed that she didn't believe what she was saying. Her voice was hesitant, belying her words. She was just delaying everything to the future so that she wouldn't be embarrassed now. She was unlikely to ever elope with Qin Tian, but she also didn't want him to despise her. Thus, she wanted to keep alive the possibility so that she could feel better about herself.

Lao Dao could see that she was lying to herself, but he wanted to lie to himself, too. He told himself, I have no duty to Qin Tian. All he asked was for me to deliver his message to her, and I've done that. The money on the table now represents a new commission, a commitment to keep a secret. He waited, and then told himself, Perhaps someday she really will get together with Qin Tian, and in that case I'll have done a good deed by keeping silent. Besides, I need to think about Tangtang. Why should I get myself all worked up about strangers instead of thinking about Tangtang's welfare? He felt calmer. He realized that his fingers were already touching the money.

"This is… too much." He wanted to make himself feel better. "I can't accept so much."

"It's no big deal." She stuffed the bills into his hand. "I earn this much in a week. Don't worry."

"What… what do you want me to tell him?"

"Tell him that I can't be with him now, but I truly like him. I'll write you a note to bring him." Yi Yan found a notepad in her purse; it had a picture of a peacock on the cover and the edges of the pages were golden. She ripped out a page and began to write. Her handwriting looked like a string of slanted gourds.

As Lao Dao left the restaurant, he glanced back. Yi Yan was sitting in the booth, gazing up at a painting on the wall. She looked so elegant and refined, as though she was never going to leave.

He squeezed the bills in his pocket. He despised himself, but he wanted to hold on to the money.

Lao Dao left Xidan and returned the way he had come. He felt exhausted. The pedestrian lane was lined with a row of weeping willows on one side and a row of Chinese parasol trees on the other side. It was late spring, and everything was a lush green. The afternoon sun warmed his stiff face, and brightened his empty heart.

He was back at the park from this morning. There were many people in the park now, and the two rows of gingkoes looked stately and luscious. Black cars entered the park from time to time, and most of the people in the park wore either well–fitted western suits made of quality fabric or dark–colored stylish Chinese suits, but everyone gave off a haughty air. There were also some foreigners. Some of the people conversed in small groups; others greeted each other at a distance, and then laughed as they got close enough to shake hands and walk together.

Lao Dao hesitated, trying to decide where to go. There weren't that many people in the street, and he would draw attention if he just stood here. But he would look out of place in any public area. He wanted to go back into the park, get close to the fissure, and hide in some corner to take a nap. He felt very sleepy, but he dared not sleep on the street.

He noticed that the cars entering the park didn't seem to need to stop, and so he tried to walk into the park as well. Only when he was close to the park gate did he notice that two robots were patrolling the area. While cars and other pedestrians passed their sentry line with no problems, the robots beeped as soon as Lao Dao approached and turned on their wheels to head for him. In the tranquil afternoon, the noise they made seemed especially loud. The eyes of everyone nearby turned to him. He panicked, uncertain if it was his shabby clothes that alerted the robots. He tried to whisper to the robots, claiming that his suit was left inside the park, but the robots ignored him while they continued to beep and to flash the red lights over their heads. People strolling inside the park stopped and looked at him as though looking at a thief or eccentric person. Soon, three men emerged from a nearby building and ran over. Lao Dao's heart was in his throat. He wanted to run, but it was too late.

"What's going on?" the man in the lead asked loudly.

Lao Dao couldn't think of anything to say, and he rubbed his pants compulsively.

The man in the front was in his thirties. He came up to Lao Dao and scanned him with a silver disk about the size of a button, moving his hand around Lao Dao's person. He looked at Lao Dao suspiciously, as though trying to pry open his shell with a can opener.

"There's no record of this man." The man gestured at the older man behind him. "Bring him in."

Lao Dao started to run away from the park.

The two robots silently dashed ahead of him and grabbed onto his legs. Their arms were cuffs and locked easily about his ankles. He tripped and almost fell, but the robots held him up. His arms swung through the air helplessly.

"Why are you trying to run?" The younger man stepped up and glared at him. His tone was now severe.

"I…" Lao Dao's head felt like a droning beehive. He couldn't think.

The two robots lifted Lao Dao by the legs and deposited his feet onto platforms next to their wheels. Then they drove toward the nearest building in parallel, carrying Lao Dao. Their movements were so steady, so smooth, so synchronized, that from a distance, it appeared as if Lao Dao was skating along on a pair of rollerblades, like Nezha riding on his Wind Fire Wheels.

Lao Dao felt utterly helpless. He was angry with himself for being so careless. How could he think such a crowded place would be without security measures? He berated himself for being so drowsy that he could commit such a stupid mistake. It's all over now, he thought. Not only am I not going to get my money, I'm also going to jail.

The robots followed a narrow path and reached the backdoor of the building, where they stopped. The three men followed behind. The younger man seemed to be arguing with the older man over what to do with Lao Dao, but they spoke so softly that Lao Dao couldn't hear the details. After a while, the older man came up and unlocked the robots from Lao Dao's legs. Then he grabbed him by the arm and took him upstairs.

Lao Dao sighed. He resigned himself to his fate.

The man brought him into a room. It looked like a hotel room, very spacious, bigger even than the living room in Qin Tian's apartment, and about twice the size of his own rental unit. The room was decorated in a dark shade of golden brown, with a king–sized bed in the middle. The wall at the head of the bed showed abstract patterns of shifting colors. Translucent, white curtains covered the French window, and in front of the window sat a small circular table and two comfortable chairs. Lao Dao was anxious, unsure of who the older man was and what he wanted.

"Sit, sit!" The older man clapped him on the shoulder and smiled. "Everything's fine."

Lao Dao looked at him suspiciously.

"You're from Third Space, aren't you?" The older man pulled him over to the chairs, and gestured for him to sit.

"How do you know that?" Lao Dao couldn't lie.

"From your pants." The older man pointed at the waist of his pants. "You never even cut off the label. This brand is only sold in Third Space; I remember my mother buying them for my father when I was little."

"Sir, you're…?"

"You don't need to 'Sir' me. I don't think I'm much older than you are. How old are you? I'm fifty–two."

"Forty–eight."

"See, just older by four years." He paused, and then added, "My name is Ge Daping. Why don't you just call me Lao Ge?"

Lao Dao relaxed a little. Lao Ge took off his jacket and moved his arms about to stretch out the stiff muscles. Then he filled a glass with hot water from a spigot in the wall and handed it to Lao Dao. He had a long face, and the corners of his eyes, the ends of his eyebrows, and his cheeks drooped. Even his glasses seemed about to fall off the end of his nose. His hair was naturally a bit curly and piled loosely on top of his head. As he spoke, his eyebrows bounced up and down comically. He made some tea for himself and asked Lao Dao if he wanted any. Lao Dao shook his head.

"I was originally from Third Space as well," said Lao Ge. "We're practically from the same hometown! So, you don't need to be so careful with me. I still have a bit of authority, and I won't give you up."

Lao Dao let out a long sigh, congratulating himself silently for his good luck. He recounted for Lao Ge his experiencing of going to Second Space and then coming to First Space, but omitted the details of what Yi Yan had said. He simply told Lao Ge that he had successfully delivered the message and was just waiting for the Change to head home.

Lao Ge also shared his own story with Lao Dao. He had grown up in Third Space, and his parents had worked as deliverymen. When he was fifteen, he entered a military school, and then joined the army. He worked as a radar technician in the army, and because he worked hard, demonstrated good technical skills, and had some good opportunities, he was eventually promoted to an administrative position in the radar department with the rank of brigadier general. Since he didn't come from a prominent family, that rank was about as high as he could go in the army. He then retired from the army and joined an agency in First Space responsible for logistical support for government enterprises, organizing meetings, arranging travel, and coordinating various social events. The job was blue collar in nature, but since his work involved government officials and he had to coordinate and manage, he was allowed to live in First Space. There were a considerable number of people in First Space like him—chefs, doctors, secretaries, housekeepers—skilled blue–collar workers needed to support the lifestyle of First Space. His agency had run many important social events and functions, and Lao Ge was its director.

Lao Ge might have been self–deprecating in describing himself as a "blue collar," but Lao Dao understood that anyone who could work and live in First Space had extraordinary skills. Even a chef here was likely a master of his art. Lao Ge must be very talented to have risen here from Third Space after a technical career in the army.

"You might as well take a nap," Lao Ge said. "I'll take you to get something to eat this evening."

Lao Dao still couldn't believe his good luck, and he felt a bit uneasy. However, he couldn't resist the call of the white sheets and stuffed pillows, and he fell asleep almost right away.

When he woke up, it was dark outside. Lao Ge was combing his hair in front of the mirror. He showed Lao Dao a suit lying on the sofa and told him to change. Then he pinned a tiny badge with a faint red glow to Lao Dao's lapel—a new identity.

The large open lobby downstairs was crowded. Some kind of presentation seemed to have just finished, and attendees conversed in small groups. At one end of the lobby were the open doors leading to the banquet hall; the thick doors were lined with burgundy leather. The lobby was filled with small standing tables. Each table was covered by a white tablecloth tied around the bottom with a golden bow, and the vase in the middle of each table held a lily. Crackers and dried fruits were set out next to the vases for snacking, and a long table to the side offered wine and coffee. Guests mingled and conversed among the tables while small robots holding serving trays shuttled between their legs, collecting empty glasses.

Forcing himself to be calm, Lao Dao followed Lao Ge and walked through the convivial scene into the banquet hall. He saw a large hanging banner: The Folding City at Fifty.

"What is this?" Lao Dao asked.

"A celebration!" Lao Ge was walking about and examining the set up. "Xiao Zhao, come here a minute. I want you to check the table signs one more time. I don't trust robots for things like this. Sometimes they don't know how to be flexible."

Lao Dao saw that the banquet hall was filled with large round tables with fresh flower centerpieces.

The scene seemed unreal to him. He stood in a corner and gazed up at the giant chandelier as though some dazzling reality was hanging over him, and he was but an insignificant presence at its periphery. There was a lectern set up on the dais at the front, and, behind it, the background was an ever–shifting series of images of Beijing. The photographs were perhaps taken from an airplane and captured the entirety of the city: The soft light of dawn and dusk; the dark purple and deep blue sky; clouds racing across the sky; the moon rising from a corner; the sun setting behind a roof. The aerial shots revealed the magnificence of Beijing's ancient symmetry; the modern expanse of brick courtyards and large green parks that had extended to the Sixth Ring Road; Chinese style theatres; Japanese style museums; minimalist concert halls. And then there were shots of the city as a whole, shots that included both faces of the city during the Change: The earth flipping, revealing the other side studded with skyscrapers with sharp, straight contours; men and women energetically rushing to work; neon signs lighting up the night, blotting out the stars; towering apartment buildings, cinemas, nightclubs full of beautiful people.

But there were no shots of where Lao Dao worked.

He stared at the screen intently, uncertain if they might show pictures during the construction of the folding city. He hoped to get a glimpse of his father's era. When he was little, his father had often pointed to buildings outside the window and told him stories that started with "Back then, we…" An old photograph had hung on the wall of their cramped home, and in the picture his father was laying bricks, a task his father had performed thousands, or perhaps hundreds of thousands of times. He had seen that picture so many times that he thought he was sick of it, and yet, at this moment, he hoped to see a scene of workers laying bricks, even if for just a few seconds.

He was lost in his thoughts. This was also the first time he had seen what the Change looked like from a distance. He didn't remember sitting down, and he didn't know when others had sat down next to him. A man began to speak at the lectern, but Lao Dao wasn't even listening for the first few minutes.

"… advantageous for the development of the service sector. The service economy is dependent on population size and density. Currently, the service industry of our city is responsible for more than 85 percent of our GDP, in line with the general characteristics of world–class metropolises. The other important sectors are the green economy and the recycling economy." Lao Dao was paying full attention now. "Green economy" and "recycling economy" were often mentioned at the waste processing station, and the phrases were painted on the walls in characters taller than a man. He looked closer at the speaker on the dais: An old man with silvery hair, though he appeared hale and energetic. "… all trash is now sorted and processed, and we've achieved our goals for energy conservation and pollution reduction ahead of schedule. We've developed a systematic, large–scale recycling economy in which all the rare–earth and precious metals extracted from e–waste are reused in manufacturing, and even the plastics recycling rate exceeds eighty percent. The recycling stations are directly connected to the reprocessing plants…"

Lao Dao knew of a distant relative who worked at a reprocessing plant in the technopark far from the city. The technopark was just acres and acres of industrial buildings, and he heard that all the plants over there were very similar: The machines pretty much ran on their own, and there were very few workers. At night, when the workers got together, they felt like the last survivors of some dwindling tribe in a desolate wilderness.

He drifted off again. Only the wild applause at the end of the speech pulled him out of his chaotic thoughts and back to reality. He also applauded, though he didn't know what for. He watched the speaker descend the dais and return to his place of honor at the head table. Everyone's eyes were on him.

Lao Dao saw Wu Wen, Yi Yan's husband.

Wu Wen was at the table next to the head table. As the old man who had given the speech sat down, Wu Wen walked over to offer a toast, and then he seemed to say something that got the old man's attention. The old man got up and walked with Wu Wen out of the banquet hall. Almost subconsciously, a curious Lao Dao also got up and followed them. He didn't know where Lao Ge had gone. Robots emerged to serve the dishes for the banquet.

Lao Dao emerged from the banquet hall and was back in the reception lobby. He eavesdropped on the other two from a distance and only caught snippets of conversation.

"… there are many advantages to this proposal," said Wu Wen. "Yes, I've seen their equipment… automatic waste processing… they use a chemical solvent to dissolve and digest everything and then extract reusable materials in bulk… clean, and very economical… would you please give it some consideration?"

Wu Wen kept his voice low, but Lao Dao clearly heard "waste processing." He moved closer.

The old man with the silvery hair had a complex expression. Even after Wu Wen was finished, he waited a while before speaking, "You're certain that the solvent is safe? No toxic pollution?"

Wu Wen hesitated. "The current version still generates a bit of pollution but I'm sure they can reduce it to the minimum very quickly."

Lao Dao got even closer.

The old man shook his head, staring at Wu Wen. "Things aren't that simple. If I approve your project and it's implemented, there will be major consequences. Your process won't need workers, so what are you going to do with the tens of millions of people who will lose their jobs?"

The old man turned away and returned to the banquet hall. Wu Wen remained in place, stunned. A man who had been by the old man's side—a secretary perhaps—came up to Wu Wen and said sympathetically, "You might as well go back and enjoy the meal. I'm sure you understand how this works. Employment is the number one concern. Do you really think no one has suggested similar technology in the past?"

Lao Dao understood vaguely that what they were talking about had to do with him, but he wasn't sure whether it was good news or bad. Wu Wen's expression shifted through confusion, annoyance, and then resignation. Lao Dao suddenly felt some sympathy for him: He had his moments of weakness, as well.

The secretary suddenly noticed Lao Dao.

"Are you new here?" he asked.

Lao Dao was startled. "Ah? Um…"

"What's your name? How come I wasn't informed about a new member of the staff?"

Lao Dao's heart beat wildly. He didn't know what to say. He pointed to the badge on his lapel, as though hoping the badge would speak or otherwise help him out. But the badge displayed nothing. His palms sweated. The secretary stared at him, his look growing more suspicious by the second. He grabbed another worker in the lobby, and the worker said he didn't know who Lao Dao was.

The secretary's face was now severe and dark. He grabbed Lao Dao with one hand and punched the keys on his communicator with the other hand.

Lao Dao's heart threatened to jump out of his throat, but just then, he saw Lao Ge.

Lao Ge rushed over and with a smooth gesture, hung up the secretary's communicator. Smiling, he greeted the secretary and bowed deeply. He explained that he was shorthanded for the occasion and had to ask for a colleague from another department to help out tonight. The secretary seemed to believe Lao Ge and returned to the banquet hall. Lao Ge brought Lao Dao back to his own room to avoid any further risks. If anyone really bothered to look into Lao Dao's identity, they'd discover the truth, and even Lao Ge wouldn't be able to protect him.

"I guess you're not fated to enjoy the banquet." Lao Ge laughed. "Just wait here. I'll get you some food later."

Lao Dao lay down on the bed and fell asleep again. He replayed the conversation between Wu Wen and the old man in his head. Automatic waste processing. What would that look like? Would that be a good thing or bad?

The next time he woke up, he smelled something delicious. Lao Ge had set out a few dishes on the small circular table, and was taking the last plate out of the warming oven on the wall. Lao Ge also brought over a half bottle of baijiu and filled two glasses.

"There was a table where they had only two people, and they left early so most of the dishes weren't even touched. I brought some back. It's not much, but maybe you'll enjoy the taste. Hopefully you won't hold it against me that I'm offering you leftovers."

"Not at all," Lao Dao said. "I'm grateful that I get to eat at all. These look wonderful! They must be very expensive, right?"

"The food at the banquet is prepared by the kitchen here and not for sale, so I don't know how much they'd cost in a restaurant." Lao Ge already started to eat. "They're nothing special. If I had to guess, maybe ten thousand, twenty thousand? A couple might cost thirty, forty thousand. Not more than that."

After a couple of bites, Lao Dao realized how hungry he was. He was used to skipping meals, and sometimes he could last a whole day without eating. His body would shake uncontrollably then, but he had learned to endure it. But now, the hunger was overwhelming. He wanted to chew quicker because his teeth couldn't seem to catch up to the demands of his empty stomach. He tried to wash the food down with baijiu, which was very fragrant and didn't sting his throat at all.

Lao Ge ate leisurely, and smiled as he watched Lao Dao eat.

"Oh." Now that the pangs of hunger had finally been dulled a bit, Lao Dao remembered the earlier conversation. "Who was the man giving the speech? He seemed a bit familiar."

"He's always on TV," Lao Ge said. "That's my boss. He's a man with real power—in charge of everything having to do with city operations."

"They were talking about automatic waste processing earlier. Do you think they'll really do it?"

"Hard to say." Lao Ge sipped the baijiu and let out a burp. "I suspect not. You have to understand why they went with manual processing in the first place. Back then, the situation here was similar to Europe at the end of the twentieth century. The economy was growing, but so was unemployment. Printing money didn't solve the problem. The economy refused to obey the Phillips curve."

He saw that Lao Dao looked completely lost, and laughed. "Never mind. You wouldn't understand these things anyway."

He clinked glasses with Lao Dao and the two drained their baijiu and refilled the glasses.

"I'll just stick to unemployment. I'm sure you understand the concept," Lao Ge continued. "As the cost of labor goes up and the cost of machinery goes down, at some point, it'll be cheaper to use machines than people. With the increase in productivity, the GDP goes up, but so does unemployment. What do you do? Enact policies to protect the workers? Better welfare? The more you try to protect workers, the more you increase the cost of labor and make it less attractive for employers to hire people. If you go outside the city now to the industrial districts, there's almost no one working in those factories. It's the same thing with farming. Large commercial farms contain thousands and thousands of acres of land, and everything is automated so there's no need for people. This kind of automation is absolutely necessary if you want to grow your economy—that was how we caught up to Europe and America, remember? Scaling! The problem is: Now you've gotten the people off the land and out of the factories, what are you going to do with them? In Europe, they went with the path of forcefully reducing everyone's working hours and thus increasing employment opportunities. But this saps the vitality of the economy, you understand?

"The best way is to reduce the time a certain portion of the population spends living, and then find ways to keep them busy. Do you get it? Right, shove them into the night. There's another advantage to this approach: The effects of inflation almost can't be felt at the bottom of the social pyramid. Those who can get loans and afford the interest spend all the money you print. The GDP goes up, but the cost of basic necessities does not. And most of the people won't even be aware of it."

Lao Dao listened, only half grasping what was being said. But he could detect something cold and cruel in Lao Ge's speech. Lao Ge's manner was still jovial, but he could tell Lao Ge's joking tone was just an attempt to dull the edge of his words and not hurt him. Not too much.

"Yes, it sounds a bit cold," Lao Ge admitted. "But it's the truth. I'm not trying to defend this place just because I live here. But after so many years, you grow a bit numb. There are many things in life we can't change, and all we can do is to accept and endure."

Lao Dao was finally beginning to understand Lao Ge, but he didn't know what to say.

Both became a bit drunk. They began to reminisce about the past: The foods they ate as children, schoolyard fights. Lao Ge had loved hot and sour rice noodles and stinky tofu. These were not available in First Space, and he missed them dearly. Lao Ge talked about his parents, who still lived in Third Space. He couldn't visit them often because each trip required him to apply and obtain special approval, which was very burdensome. He mentioned that there were some officially sanctioned ways to go between Third Space and First Space, and a few select people did make the trip often. He hoped that Lao Dao could bring a few things back to his parents because he felt regret and sorrow over his inability to be by their side and care for them.

Lao Dao talked about his lonely childhood. In the dim lamplight, he recalled his childhood spent alone wandering at the edge of the landfill.

It was now late night. Lao Ge had to go check up on the event downstairs, and he took Lao Dao with him. The dance party downstairs was about to be over, and tired–looking men and women emerged in twos and threes. Lao Ge said that entrepreneurs seemed to have the most energy, and often danced until the morning. The deserted banquet hall after the party looked messy and grubby, like a woman who took off her makeup after a long, tiring day. Lao Ge watched the robots trying to clean up the mess and laughed. "This is the only moment when First Space shows its true face."

Lao Dao checked the time: Three hours until the Change. He sorted his thoughts: It's time to leave.

The silver–haired speaker returned to his office after the banquet to deal with some paperwork, and then got on a video call with Europe. At midnight, he felt tired. He took off his glasses and rubbed the bridge of his nose. It was finally time to go home. He worked till midnight on most days.

The phone rang. He picked up. It was his secretary.

The research group for the conference had reported something troubling. Someone had discovered an error with one of the figures used in the pre–printed conference declaration, and the research group wanted to know if they should re–print the declaration. The old man immediately approved the request. This was very important, and they had to get it right. He asked who was responsible for this, and the secretary told him that it was Director Wu Wen.

The old man sat down on his sofa and took a nap. Around four in the morning, the phone rang again. The printing was going a bit slower than expected, and they estimated it would take another hour.

He got up and looked outside the window. All was silent. He could see Orion's bright stars twinkling against the dark sky.

The stars of Orion were reflected in the mirror–like surface of the lake. Lao Dao was sitting on the shore of the lake, waiting for the Change.

He gazed at the park at night, realizing that this was perhaps the last time he would see a sight such as this. He wasn't sad or nostalgic. This was a beautiful, peaceful place, but it had nothing to do with him. He wasn't envious or resentful. He just wanted to remember this experience. There were few lights at night here, nothing like the flashing neon that turned the streets of Third Space bright as day. The buildings of the city seemed to be asleep, breathing evenly and calmly.

At five in the morning, the secretary called again to say that the declaration had been re–printed and bound, but the documents were still in the print shop, and they wanted to know if they should delay the scheduled Change.

The old man made the decision right away. Of course they had to delay it.

At forty minutes past the hour, the printed declarations were brought to the conference site, but they still had to be stuffed into about three thousand individual folders.

Lao Dao saw the faint light of dawn. At this time during the year, the sun wouldn't have risen by six, but it was possible to see the sky brightening near the horizon.

He was prepared. He looked at his phone: only a couple more minutes until six. But strangely, there were no signs of the Change. Maybe in First Space, even the Change happens more smoothly and steadily.

At ten after six, the last copy of the declaration was stuffed into its folder.

The old man let out a held breath. He gave the order to initiate the Change.

Lao Dao noticed that the earth was finally moving. He stood up and shook the numbness out of his limbs. Carefully, he stepped up to the edge of the widening fissure. As the earth on both sides of the crack lifted up, he clambered over the edge, tested for purchase with his feet, and climbed down. The ground began to turn.

At twenty after six, the secretary called again with an emergency. Director Wu Wen had carelessly left a data key with important documents behind at the banquet hall. He was worried that the cleaning robots might remove it, and he had to go retrieve it right away.

The old man was annoyed, but he gave the order to stop the Change and reverse course.

Lao Dao was climbing slowly over the cross section of the earth when everything stopped with a jolt. After a moment, the earth started moving again, but now in reverse. The fissure was closing up. Terrified, he climbed up as fast as he dared. Scrabbling over the soil with hands and feet, he had to be careful with his movements.

The seam closed faster than he had expected. Just as he reached the top, the two sides of the crack came together. One of his lower legs was caught. Although the soil gave enough to not crush his leg or break his bones, it held him fast and he couldn't extricate himself despite several attempts. Sweat beaded on his forehead from terror and pain. Has he been discovered?

Lao Dao lay prostrate on the ground, listening. He seemed to hear steps hurrying toward him. He imagined that soon the police would arrive and catch him. They might cut off his leg and toss him in jail with the stump. He couldn't tell when his identity had been revealed. As he lay on the grass, he felt the chill of morning dew. The damp air seeped through collar and cuffs, keeping him alert and making him shiver. He silently counted the seconds, hoping against hope that this was but a technical malfunction. He tried to plan for what to say if he was caught. Maybe he should mention how honestly and diligently he had toiled for twenty–eight years and try to buy a bit of sympathy. He didn't know if he would be prosecuted in court. Fate loomed before his eyes.

Fate now pressed into his chest. Of everything he had experienced during the last forty–eight hours, the episode that had made the deepest impression was the conversation with Lao Ge at dinner. He felt that he had approached some aspect of truth, and perhaps that was why he could catch a glimpse of the outline of fate. But the outline was too distant, too cold, too out of reach. He didn't know what was the point of knowing the truth. If he could see some things clearly but was still powerless to change them, what good did that do? In his case, he couldn't even see clearly. Fate was like a cloud that momentarily took on some recognizable shape, and by the time he tried to get a closer look, the shape was gone. He knew that he was nothing more than a figure. He was but an ordinary person, one out of 51,280,000 others just like him. And if they didn't need that much precision and spoke of only 50 million, he was but a rounding error, the same as if he had never existed. He wasn't even as significant as dust. He grabbed onto the grass.

At six thirty, Wu Wen retrieved his data key. At six forty, Wu Wen was back in his home.

At six forty–five, the white–haired old man finally lay down on the small bed in his office, exhausted. The order had been issued, and the wheels of the world began to turn slowly. Transparent covers extended over the coffee table and the desk, securing everything in place. The bed released a cloud of soporific gas and extended rails on all sides; then it rose into the air. As the ground and everything on the ground turned, the bed would remain level, like a floating cradle.

The Change had started again.

After thirty minutes spent in despair, Lao Dao saw a trace of hope again. The ground was moving. He pulled his leg out as soon as the fissure opened, and then returned to the arduous climb over the cross–section as soon as the opening was wide enough. He moved with even more care than before. As circulation returned to his numb leg, his calf itched and ached as though he was being bitten by thousands of ants. Several times, he almost fell. The pain was intolerable, and he had to bite his fist to stop from screaming. He fell; he got up; he fell again; he got up again. He struggled with all his strength and skill to maintain his footing over the rotating earth.

He couldn't even remember how he had climbed up the stairs. He only remembered fainting as soon as Qin Tian opened the door to his apartment.

Lao Dao slept for ten hours in Second Space. Qin Tian found a classmate in medical school to help dress his wound. He suffered massive damage to his muscles and soft tissue, but luckily, no bones were broken. However, he was going to have some difficulty walking for a while.

After waking up, Lao Dao handed Yi Yan's letter to Qin Tian. He watched as Qin Tian read the letter, his face filling up with happiness as well as loss. He said nothing. He knew that Qin Tian would be immersed in this remote hope for a long time.

Returning to Third Space, Lao Dao felt as though he had been traveling for a month. The city was waking up slowly. Most of the residents had slept soundly, and now they picked up their lives from where they had left off the previous cycle. No one would notice that Lao Dao had been away.

As soon as the vendors along the pedestrian lane opened shop, he sat down at a plastic table and ordered a bowl of chow mein. For the first time in his life, Lao Dao asked for shredded pork to be added to the noodles. Just one time, he thought. A reward.

Then he went to Lao Ge's home and delivered the two boxes of medicine Lao Ge had bought for his parents. The two elders were no longer mobile, and a young woman with a dull demeanor lived with them as a caretaker.

Limping, he slowly returned to his own rental unit. The hallway was noisy and chaotic, filled with the commotion of a typical morning: brushing teeth, flushing toilets, arguing families. All around him were disheveled hair and half–dressed bodies.

He had to wait a while for the elevator. As soon as he got off at his floor he heard loud arguing noises. It was the two girls who lived next door, Lan Lan and Ah Bei, arguing with the old lady who collected rent. All the units in the building were public housing, but the residential district had an agent who collected rent, and each building, even each floor, had a subagent. The old lady was a long–term resident. She was thin, shriveled, and lived by herself—her son had left and nobody knew where he was. She always kept her door shut and didn't interact much with the other residents. Lan Lan and Ah Bei had moved in recently, and they worked at a clothing store. Ah Bei was shouting while Lan Lan was trying to hold her back. Ah Bei turned and shouted at Lan Lan; Lan Lan began to cry.

"We all have to follow the lease, don't we?" The old lady pointed at the scrolling text on the screen mounted on the wall. "Don't you dare accuse me of lying! Do you understand what a lease is? It's right here in black and white: In autumn and winter, there's a ten percent surcharge for heat."

"Ha!" Ah Bei lifted her chin at the old lady while combing her hair forcefully. "Do you think we are going to be fooled by such a basic trick? When we're at work, you turn off the heat. Then you charge us for the electricity we haven't been using so you can keep the extra for yourself. Do you think we were born yesterday? Every day, when we get home after work, the place is cold as an ice cellar. Just because we're new, you think you can take advantage of us?"

Ah Bei's voice was sharp and brittle, and it cut through the air like a knife. Lao Dao looked at Ah Bei, at her young, determined, angry face, and thought she was very beautiful. Ah Bei and Lan Lan often helped him by taking care of Tangtang when he wasn't home, and sometimes even made porridge for him. He wanted Ah Bei to stop shouting, to forget these trivial things and stop arguing. He wanted to tell her that a girl should sit elegantly and quietly, cover her knees with her skirt, and smile so that her pretty teeth showed. That was how you got others to love you. But he knew that that was not what Ah Bei and Lan Lan needed.

He took out a 10,000–yuan bill from his inner pocket and handed it to the old lady. His hand trembled from weakness. The old lady was stunned, and so were Ah Bei and Lan Lan. He didn't want to explain. He waved at them and returned to his home.

Tangtang was just waking up in her crib, and she rubbed her sleepy eyes. He gazed into Tangtang's face, and his exhausted heart softened. He remembered how he had found Tangtang at first in front of the waste processing station, and her dirty, tear–stained face. He had never regretted picking her up that day. She laughed, and smacked her lips. He thought that he was fortunate. Although he was injured, he hadn't been caught and managed to bring back money. He didn't know how long it would take Tangtang to learn to dance and sing, and become an elegant young lady.

He checked the time. It was time to go to work.

(Editors' Note: In this issue, Deborah Stanish interviews Hao Jingfang.)

© 2015 Hao Jingfang


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